Transcript Chapter 4 Notes

Succession in
Ecosystems
SOL BIO 9c
What do you mean by environment?
The environment is made up of two
factors:
Biotic factors- all living organisms
inhabiting the Earth
Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of
the environment (i.e. temperature,
soil, light, moisture, air currents)
Habitat vs. Niche
Niche - the role a species plays in
a community (job)
Habitat- the place in which an
organism lives out its life
(address)
Habitat vs. Niche
A niche is determined by the
tolerance limitations of an
organism, or a limiting factor.
Limiting factor- any biotic or
abiotic factor that restricts the
existence of organisms in a
specific environment.
Habitat vs. Niche
Examples of limiting factors-
•Amount of water
•Amount of food
•Temperature
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of
symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalismone species benefits
and the other is
neither harmed nor
helped
Ex. orchids on a tree
Epiphytes: A plant, such as a
tropical orchid or a bromeliad,
that grows on another plant
upon which it depends for
mechanical support but not for
nutrients. Also called
aerophyte, air plant.
Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalismone species benefits
and the other is
neither harmed nor
helped
Ex. polar bears and
cyanobacteria
Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitismone species benefits (parasite) and
the other is harmed (host)
Parasite-Host relationship
Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- parasite-host
Ex. lampreys,
leeches, fleas,
ticks,tapeworm
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualismbeneficial to
both species
Ex. cleaning birds
and cleaner
shrimp
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualismbeneficial to both species
Ex. lichen
Type of
Species
relationship
harmed
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species
Species
benefits
Species
neutral
Successiona series of changes in a
community in which new
populations of organisms
gradually replace existing ones
Primary successioncolonization of new sites by
communities of organisms –
takes place on bare rock
Primary successionNew bare rock comes from 2
sources:
1. volcanic lava flow cools
and forms rock
Primary successionNew bare rock comes from 2
sources:
2. Glaciers retreat and expose
rock
Pioneer organismsthe first organisms to colonize
a new site
Ex: lichens are the first to
colonize lava rocks
Primary SuccessionRock
Climax communitya stable, mature community that
undergoes little or no
succession
Climax communityEx: In most of Virginia, the climax
community would be a deciduous
oak–hickory forest
Primary succession-
Secondary successionsequence of community changes
that takes place when a
community is disrupted by
natural disaster or human
actions – takes place on
existing soil
Secondary successionEx:
A fire levels
portions of a
forest
Secondary successionEx:
A farmer
plows his
field
Secondary succession-
Secondary succession-
Pond Succession
Pond Succession
Land Biomes
Biome- geographic areas that have
similar climates and ecosystems
Land Biomes
The 6 most common biomes are:
Tundra
Taiga
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
Grassland
Desert
Land Biomes
Water Biomes
The limiting factors in water
biomes are:
Amount of salt (salinity)
Amount of dissolved oxygen
Sunlight
2 Types of Water Biomes
Freshwater
Rivers and Streams
Lakes and Ponds
Saltwater
Ocean
Estuaries
Seashores (tidal areas)