Transcript Digestion

Digestion
Organs
Overview
Digestive
Functional
Stomach
Small
Large
Chemical
Absorption
Histology
Intestine
Intestine
Process
Digestion
ofAnatomy
the
Alimentary
Canal
1.
Alimentary
canal
4.
Intestinal
Accessory
phase:
Excitatory
digestivephase: Duodenum
a.
Function
Essential
3. Mechanical
activities
digestion
Proteins
Four
basic
layers
2.
Submucosa:
Composed
of
dense
CT
(blood
Regulation
of
gastric
secretion
Salivary
glands
3.
Secretory
cells
of
gastric
glands:
Mucous
neck
Gross
anatomy
releases
a
gastrin-like
substance
that
promotes
a.
Organs
Active
transport
through
the
intestinal
villi
i.
Digests
1.
Ingestion
a.
Chewing
Digestive
processes
occurring
in
stomach
Microscopic
anatomy
in
mouth,
pharynx
&
Esophagus
Background
Tongue
Carbohydrates
1.
Begins
in
stomach
(starch)
Pancreas
st
1.
Mucosa:
Innermost
layer
functions
in
secretion,
vessels
&
lymphatic
vessels)
&
elastic
fibers
5.
Absorption
5.
Gross
4.
Regulation
Subdivisions:
anatomy
of
Cecum
bile
release:
(1
segment:
CCK
from
saclike),
small
1.
Three
phases:
Cephalic,
gastric
&
intestinal
Teeth
Function
of
saliva:
Cleanses
mouth,
dissolves
Microscopic
cells
(produce
anatomy
acidic
mucus),
parietal
cells
(secrete
Four
regions:
Cardiac
(region
where
food
additional
activity
of
gastric
glands.
Inhibitory
i.
Teeth
1.
Lipids
can
pass
through
cell
membranes
ii.
Absorbs
Lipids
a.
Taking
b.
Mixing
food
into
digestive
system
via
the
mouth
D.
Liver
and
gallbladder
1.
Enzymatic
digestion:
Protein
digestion
is
3.
5.
Gastric
Digestive
phase:
processes:
Local
No
signaling
breakdown,
within
just
stomach
water
Mouth
Histology
(oral
cavity
or
buccal
cavity)
Gallbladder:
Stores
bile
Expanded
surface
area
for
absorption
esophagus
Laryngopharynx
1.
Hydrolysis
1.
Bundles
of
into
skeletal
esophagus
muscle
Stomach
1.
a.
Pepsinogen
Carbohydrates
to
pepsin
are
broken
down
into
1.
Accessory
digestive
organ
absorption
and
protection.
It
consists
of
3
sub3.
Muscularis
externa:
Functions
in
segmentation
a.
Movement
of
digested
end
products
from
intestine
appendix
Ileocecal
is
(lymphatic
released
valve
to
into
the
dead
anus
blood
end),
in
colon
response
(several
to
fatty
2.
Cephalic
phase:
Occurs
prior
to
food
entering
Classification:
Incisors,
canines,
premolars
&
tastants,
moistens
&
initiates
chemical
breakdown
Regulation
Gross
anatomy
of
pancreatic
secretion:
Local
Nucleic
acids
1.
HCl
Four
and
tunics
intrinsic
factor),
chief
(zymogenic)
cells
enters),
fundus,
body
&
pyloric.
Terminates
at
the
phase:
Enterogastric
ii.
Tongue
reflex
inhibits
vagal
nuclei,
a.
Active
transpost
is
not
requires
b.
Organs
Digestion
occurs
solely
in
small
intestine
2.
Propulsion
i.
Saliva
1.
Accessory
organs
associated
with
small
intestine
initiated
in
stomach
(pepsin)
and
vitamin
absorption
&
major
function
is
the
due
Boundaries:
to
1.
Simple
the
presence
columnar
Lips,
of
cheeks,
food
epithelium
(distension,
tongue
&
palate
peptides
or
4.
Bile:
Only
bile
salts
and
phospolipids
aid
in
2.
Structural
modifications:
Circular
folds
(deep
1.
Mastication:
Mechanical
breakdown
by
teeth
Pierces
diaphragm
&
joins
stomach
via
cardiac
a.
Catabolic
2.
Function
process
1.
Expansion
of
the
GI
tract
glucose,
2.
Continues
fructose
in
small
and
galactose
intestine
2.
Produces
digestive
enzymes:
Exocrine
product
layers:
lining
epithelium,
lamina
propria
&
&
peristalsis.
It
consists
of
inner
circular
and
outer
lumen
of
the
GI
tract
into
blood
and
lymph
Liver
and
gallbladder
chyme
2.
regions:
Absorbs
entering
ascending,
water
small
from
transverse,
intestine.
indigestible
descending
CCK
food
stimulates
residues
&
stomach
(brain
response
to
food)
via
hypothalamic
molars
Types:
Extrinsic
(3
pairs:
parotid,
submanhormones
1.
Pyloric
(CCK
sphincter
1.
Pancreatic
&
secretin)
to
ileocecal
nucleosides
&
parasympathetic
valve
(produce
Lining
pepsinogen
epithelium:
which
Simple
is
columnar
converted
(entirely
initially
by
Pharynx:
Oropharynx
to
Laryngopharynx
pylorus
&
connects
with
small
intestine
via
pyloric
inhibits
local
reflexes,
activates
sympathetic
fibers
iii.
Gallbladder
2.
Carbohydrates
i.
Mouth
a.
Lipases
from
pancreas
Movement
c.
Churning
of
food
through
the
digestive
tract
2.
Liver
has
a
role
in
digestion
in
addition
to
its
Lipid
soluble
substances
can
pass
through
peristaltic
movement
of
fecal
material
low
acidity)
lead
toof
HCl
release
(gastrin
iscolumnar
released
Palate:
2.
Submucosa
Hard
palate
includes
(rigid
lymphatic
&
underlain
tissue:
by
bone)
digestion
fat)
other
components
that
do
folds
of
the
mucosa
and
submucosa),
Villi
(fingerand
tongue
orifice
gated
by
cardiac
sphincter
b.
Large
a.(emulsify
Mix
molecules
food
with
into
saliva
monomers
2.
Sack
for
storage
and
chemical
breakdown
in
2.
a.
Trypsin
Process
and
chymotrypsin
(pancreatic
juice)
muscularis
mucosae.
Epithelium:
Simple
longitudinal
layer
smooth
muscle.
Sphincters
are
6.
Defecation
secretion
3.
sigmoid),
Unique
of
rectum
features:
pancreatic
(contains
Teniae
juice
coli
rectal
&
(3
relaxes
bands
valves:
hepatoof
internal
longistimulation
of
the
vagus
nerve
(parasympathetic
2.
Dental
formula:
dibular
&
sublingual)
&
intrinsic
(buccal
glands)
nervous
2.
Subdivisions:
system
Duodenum,
jejunum
&
ileum
goblet
HCl
into
cells)
pepsin
with
which
gastric
will
pits
catalyze
(gastric
conversion
glands
that
sphincter.
that
tighten
pyloric
sphincter
&
causes
the
release
b.
Glands
a.
Protein
carriers
ii.
Pharynx
2.
Bile
emulsifies
fats
so
they
are
soluble
b.
Swallowing
d.
Segmentation
other
functions:
Bile
production
and
export
stomach
mucosa
(alcohol
and
aspirin)
in
6.Defecation:
response
to
rectal
chemical
walls
stimuli
stretch(defecation
&
stimulates
reflex)
the
&
Soft
Peyer’s
palate
patches
(formed
from
muscle)
not
contribute
to
digestion
will
not
be
discussed
like
projections
of
the
mucosa)
Microvilli
or
2.
Deglutition:
Complicated
process
of
swallowing
3.
Four
c.
Enzymes
layers:
i.
Bolus
Mucosa,
into
lumen
submucosa,
of
alimentary
muscularis
canal
which
food
is
converted
to
chyme
a.
i.
Salivary
Pancreatic
amylase
enzymes
3.
Acini:
Secretory
cells
surrounding
ducts
with
goblet
cells.
Lamina
propria:
Loose
areolar
thickened
areas
of
smooth
muscle
a.
Elimination
of
undigested
materials
pancreatic
tudinal
transverse
smooth
folds)
sphincter
muscle),
&
anal
(controls
haustra
canal
entry
(two
(pocketlike
sphincters:
of
pancreatic
sacs)
enteric
ganglionic
neurons
stimulate
the
stomach
(2I,
1C,
2PM,
3M/2I,
1C,
2PM,
3M)
X
2
= 32
3.
Secretory
cells:
Serous
cells
(watery
secretion
produce
thereafter)
gastric
&
enteroendocrine
juice)
cells
(produce
2.
Greater
curvature
(lateral
convex
surface)
of
enterogastrones.
i.
Salivary
i.
Metabolic
energy
is
required
iii.
Esophagus
a.
Only
increases
area
that
enzymes
can
contact
i.
Voluntary
i.
Local
constriction
of
the
small
intestine
(emulsification
of
fat)
3.
Production
of
intrinsic
factor:
Required
for
which
isIntrinsic
spinal-parasympathetic
reflex
(causes
release
of
byand
parietal
cells)
brush
(projections
of22plasma
membranes)
(two
phases
which
involves
muscles)
(skeletal
i.b.border
and
b.HCl
Position
smooth
bolus
accessory
regionally
for
swallowing
glands
distributed)
&
Pancreatic
Carboxypepsidase
amylase
4.
Composition
of
pancreatic
juice:
Proteases,
connective
tissue
with
capillary
beds
&
lymph
4.
Serosa:
Areolar
connective
tissue
covered
with
juice
&
internal
epiploic
and
involuntary
bile
appendages
entering
and
duodenum)
(fat-filled
external
pouches)
voluntary)
glands)
with
enzymes)
&
mucous
cells
(viscous)
hormones
that
regulate
digestive
function)
3.
Lesser
curvature
(medial
concave
surface)
5.
Enterogastrone
ii.
Liver
are
secretin,
cholecystokinin
iv.
Stomach
c.
Peristalsis
4.&Chemical
digestion
absorption
of
B12
colon
rectum
to
contract
&
anal
sphincters
relax)
adventia
(not
serosa:
entirely
connective
tissue)
i.
Pancreatic
enzymes
amylase,
lipases
&
nucleases
nodules.
Muscularis
mucosae:
Thin layer
of&smooth
mesothelium
(single
layer
of
squamous
epithelium)
(CCK),
vasoactive
intestinal
peptide
(VIP)
iii.
Pancreas
v.
Small
intestine
i. Involuntary
a. Mouth through small intestine
muscle
gastric inhibitory
peptide
(GIP)
vi. Large
intestine
Exit
BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES
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