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Goal 5: Ecology ECOLOGY = the study of the organisms and their environments. ROOTS: Ec = environment Logy = study of A = not Bio = life Carn = meat The American Environment Test: Introduction Time: 02:00 The American Environment Test: What Happens To Garbage Time: 03:25 The American Environment Test: Packaging Time: 02:48 The American Environment Test: Preserving Trees Time: 03:24 The American Environment Test: Fuel Economy Time: 03:04 The American Environment Test: The Ozone Time: 00:57 The American Environment Test: Water Conservation Time: 06:40 The American Environment Test: Energy Conservation Time: 03:13 The American Environment Test: Efficient Appliances Time: 01:00 The American Environment Test: Chief Seattle Time: 02:57 Lesson 36: Levels of Organization and Interrelationships Population = group of individuals of the same species living in the same area Community = all of the populations that interact with each other in an area SYMBIOSIS = permanent relationship between organisms of two different species MUTUALISM = both organisms benefit COMMENSALISM = one organism benefits and the other is not affected PARASITISM = one organism benefits and the other is harmed Parasite = benefits Host = harmed http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=320721AA-AF08-4A658E6B-9449FF94B971&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US# http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=CC65B7F5-DBCB-4466A2CD-21A17AA4216E&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US# PREDATION = predator feeds on prey http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/15869-behind-the-numbers-predator-prey-relationshipsvideo.htm Lesson 37: Factors that Limit Populations 1 2 7 6 5 10 9 8 4 Abiotic = non-living Biotic = living 3 (soil) Limiting Factors = anything that limits the size of a given population Density-Dependent Factors = limits to growth of a population based on the density (numbers of individuals in a given area) of the population. • Individuals compete for resources Amount of resources available limit the population. • Predator-Prey Ratios The ratio of predators to prey may limit the population. Density-Independent Factors = limit the growth of a population regardless of its size/density. • Extreme temperatures • Cataclysmic events (tidal waves, volcanoes, floods, drought, etc.) This terrestrial salamander (Pseudoeurycea goebeli), one of the commonest 40 years ago on the cloud forest slopes of the Tajumulco volcano, can only be found on neighboring slopes after the Tajumulco eruption. Carrying Capacity = the largest density of a population that a given environment can support over a long period of time. No, Earl. That’s not what we mean by “carrying” capacity! Nitrogen Fixation = the ability of some plants to replace nitrogen in soils Legume = a plant with nodules that perform nitrogen fixation. www.chem.utoronto.ca Field Ecology Using sampling techniques and quadrate studies to determine species diversity and monitor changes in an ecosystem over time. www2.brandonu.ca Lesson 38: Cycling Matter through Respiration and Photosynthesis Carbon Cycle Decomposers break down dead organisms and return the carbon to the soil. Combustion releases extra Carbon into the air by burning. Lesson 39: Energy Flow in Ecosystems The Players: • Sun (main energy source) • Producers (plants) • Consumers (eaters) Herbivores (plant eaters) Carnivores (meat eaters) Omnivores (plant and meat eaters) • Scavengers (leftover eaters) • Decomposers (breakdown crew) Who’s Who? Food Chains Go in ONE direction. Food Web = a network of interrelated food chains. Some webs include both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Energy Pyramids = shows energy consumption. Each step is called a Trophic Level. Only about 10% of the energy from each trophic level is passed to the next level. Lose one “0” with each step up the pyramid. Biomass = total amount of living tissue Ecology Overview 14:58 http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=95CA4CB1-965A-472F-ACA7-2967A440E17B Biomagnification = an increase in concentration of any substance as it travels up an energy or biomass pyramid. DDT = pesticide that caused the near extinction of certain predatory birds. science.halleyhosting.com Lesson 40: Human Impacts on the Environment Changes to the Human Population affect the environment. IfBirth the birth Rate =rate number is more of than birthsthe perdeath givenrate segment = population of time increases. IfDeath the birth Raterate = number is less than of deaths the death per given rate =segment population of time decreases. Effects of Growing Human Population • • • • • Pollution Eutrophication Urbanization Deforestation Resource Depletion Renewable Nonrenewable • Global Warming Rainforest Destruction 4:30 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/6234-tropical-rainforestsdeforestation-video.htm Resource Depletion 1:06 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/15375-commons-senseresource-depletion-and-sustainability-video.htm Global Warming 6:53 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/26292-greatest-discoveries-withbill-nye-climate-changes-video.htm Current Events: Facts about Global Warming The Problem… • Some greenhouse gases (like CO2) are necessary to keep the Earth’s atmosphere warm enough for life. • We loose greenhouse gases naturally into space at a rate that keeps the temperatures balanced. • Greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for at least 50 years. • Burning fossil fuels has increased the gases too much and the Earth can’t keep up with the balance. We’re heating up. • Earth has heated above the natural balance 1 oF over the past century and is heating even faster over the past two decades. • The difference in global average temperatures between modern times and the last ice age was only about 9 oF. • At the current rate of increase, the global average temperature will increase another 2.0 oF to 11.5 oF by 2100. Facts about Global Warming Is it happening?... • Typical indications of global warming include intense storms, severe droughts, rising seas, and severe weather patterns. • While different pockets of the country have experienced some cold winters locally, the overall trend is warmer winters. • A single year of cold weather in one region of the globe is not an indication of a trend in the global climate, which refers to a long-term average over the entire planet. • 100 residents of Tegua island in the Pacific Ocean were evacuated by the government because rising sea levels were flooding their island. Some 2,000 other islanders plan a similar move to escape rising waters. • In the United States, the village of Shishmaref in Alaska, which has been inhabited for 400 years, is collapsing from melting permafrost. Relocation plans are in the works. Facts about Global Warming The Effects… • Abrupt, catastrophic and irreversible consequences • A warming trend unseen since human civilization began 10,000 years ago. • Up to 88 million people will loose their homes to rising seas. • Oceans will become more acidic killing aquatic wildlife. • Scarcity of food and freshwater because plants may not be able to adapt quickly enough to survive the climate changes. The Debate… • The only debate among scientists is about how much and how fast warming will continue as a result of heat-trapping emissions Facts about Global Warming Can it be stopped?... • Yes. IF it is done NOW. http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/solutions/default.asp?gclid=C MT5jr3x1p8CFRC2sgodAXkdcQ What is Our Future…? BEGIN: Earth 2100 video 84:00 Threats to the Environment Threat Cause Possible Results Greenhouse Effect Burning fossil fuels and losing forests Changes in climate, melting of polar ice, drought, flooding Acid Rain Burning fossil fuels Destruction of forests, poison lakes, dead wildlife, damaged buildings Ozone Depletion CFC’s chlorofluorocarbons More skin cancer, mutations Air Pollution Burning fossil fuels and wood More diseases Water Pollution Waste, heat, chemicals Dead wildlife, loss of drinking water, loss of irrigation water Soil Degradation and Depletion Erosion, overuse, pesticides Loss of agriculture, dead wildlife Habitat Destruction Poisoned lakes, cut forests Dead wildlife, upset balance of nature Ways to Protect the Environment ACTION Reduce, reuse, and recycle Use fuel-efficient vehicles EFFECT Reduces waste, reduces burning, reduces use of raw materials to make products Reduces acid rain, reduces global warming, reduces dependency on oil Conserve electricity and water Reduces use of fossil fuels, protects fresh water resources Grow and buy organic food Reduces use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides Public transportation / drive less Reduces air pollution and protects natural resources What is Our Future…? FINISH: Earth 2100 video 84:00 http://www.simpletruths.tv/store/movies.php ?movie=drms