Transcript Chapter 13

WELCOME BACK!
APES
Bellwork 01/03/11
Bellwork:
Please write your answer
in your notes
1. What is biodiversity and
why is it important?
Unit 07 – Part 1
Osprey
Gypsy Moth
Dodo
Northern Spotted Owl
Black Rhinoceros
Passenger Pigeon
California Condor
Giant Panda
Manatee
Whooping Crane
Zebra Mussel
Biodiversity
Chapter 14
Biological
Diversity
Biodiversity –
The variety of species
in a specific area
How would one
justify preserving
biodiversity?
Justifications for Preserving
Endangered Species
1. Utilitarian
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How species are useful to HUMANS
2. Ecological
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How species are necessary to maintain the functions
of ECOSYSTEMS, and the BIOSPHERE
3. Aesthetic
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Enhances our lives by their BEAUTY
4. Cultural
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Many indigenous people rely on certain organisms
for their very survival.
5. Moral
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All species have a RIGHT to exist
Importance of Biodiversity
• Interdependence of organisms
• Life depends on life
• Stability
• Many species and diversity allows for better chances of
survival
• Important to people
• Foods
• Industrial products
• Medicines such as painkillers, antibiotics, heart
medication,
anti-depressants, anti-cancer drugs
• Depend on other organisms for oxygen, nutrients
• Clothes, Furniture, Beauty…
Loss of Biodiversity
• Extinction –
• Disappearance of a species when the last of its members die
• 4 Risk Categories – See page 283
• Local Extinction: Occurs when a species disappears from
a part of its range
• Global Extinction: Occurs when a species cannot be found
anywhere
• Example: Passenger Pigeon (1914)
• IUCN Red List: http://www.iucn.org
• Endangered Species –
• Numbers become so low that extinction is
possible
• Examples: Giant Panda, American
Whooping Crane, California Condor
• Threatened Species –
• Populations decline rapidly and are
likely to become endangered
• Polar Bear
http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/StartTESS.do
Threats to
Biodiversity
HIPPO:
5 major causes of species decline and
premature extinction
• Habitat destruction
• Invasive Species
• Pollution
• Population – Human Population growth
• Overexploitation – over-consumption of
animal’s resources and/or over-hunting
Threats to
Biodiversity
1a. Habitat Loss
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The largest threat
The Giant Panda is a prime example
1b. Habitat Fragmentation
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Separation of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas
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Increased extinction of local species
Disruption of ecological processes
New opportunities for invasions by introduced or exotic species
Increased risk of fire
Changes in local climate
Smaller fragments mean less biodiversity
Geographic isolation leads to genetic
isolation
Some organisms need large areas
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for hunting & reproduction
Biotic Effects of Fragmentation
• What does “biotic” mean?
• Animals that require large areas in which to graze
can no longer do so – animals starve
• Likewise large predators can not obtain enough to
eat in a small spot - animals starve
• Migration becomes difficult and species either
starve or get wiped out after events such as fire
Abiotic Effects of Fragmentation
• What does abiotic think?
• Climate can change in the areas
• Think about the temperature in a forest vs. open
spaces…
• Edge Effect – The different conditions along the
boundaries of an ecosystem. as areas become
smaller the changes at the edges start to influence
the conditions inside.
Threats to
Biodiversity
2. Exotic / Invasive / Introduced Species
• Exotic/Invasive/Introduced Species Species that are not native to a particular
area
• People sometimes introduce a new species
into an ecosystem
• Can cause problems for native species
• Examples: Zebra Mussel, Gypsy Moth
Threats to
Biodiversity
3. Pollution = Habitat degradation –
Damage to a habitat by pollution
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Types: Air, Water, and Land (We will discuss all
of these in GREAT detail in later units)
Mass Extinctions
Research: How many species of different types of organisms died
in each event? Include in your SGQs.
Know Major events!
A Sixth Extinction?
Legislation
• Lacey Act (1900):
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Passage of the Lacey Act in 1900 was prompted by growing concern about
interstate profiteering in illegally taken game. The passenger pigeon was already
well on its way to being hunted into extinction, and populations of other bird
species were also declining in a number of states.
Drafted and pushed through Congress by conservation-minded Representative John
Lacey of Iowa, the Act made it illegal to transport from one state or territory to
another any wild animals or birds killed in violation of state or territorial law. It
also banned the importation of injurious wildlife that threatened crop production
and horticulture in this country.
Today, the Lacey Act makes it unlawful to import, export, transport, sell, buy, or
possess fish, wildlife, or plants taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of
any federal, state, foreign, or Native American tribal law, treaty, or regulation.
• Endangered Species Act [ESA] (1973):
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protects plants and animals that are listed by the federal government as
"endangered" or "threatened."
• CITES (1973):
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
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CITES is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that
international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their
survival.
The Good News
• Many species have been successfully
restored to an abundance
• Success is achieved when the habitat is
restored to conditions required by a species
• The conservation of wildlife offers great
rewards of long-standing and deep measure
to people