Transcript Slide 1

Biodiversity and Conservation
Greece as a case study
BIODIVERSITY
All variety of life
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Genetic
..
Species level
..
System level
..
Landscape level
Species level and system level (biomes, habitats)
Biodiversity in the Mediterranean
species level
Species
Plants
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibia
Freshwater Fish
No. species
22500
226
489
230
79
216
No. endemics
11700
25
25
77
27
63
Endemism (%)
52.0
11.1
5.1
33.5
34.2
29.2
Biodiversity hotspots
2,3% of surface, 50% plant species, 42% of vertebrate (non-fish species)
[+ Μαπούτο, Κέρας Αφρικής,
όρη Κ. Ασίας, Ιράν, Ιαπωνία]
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J 2000 Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858
Conservation International
Criteria and other grouping
• Hotspots (priority): areas with more than 1500 plant species
or >0,5% of the total plant species on Earth, having lost at least
70% of their initial vegetation and facing serious threats
(Myers)
• BirdLife International, 218 “Endemic Bird Areas” (EBAs), each
with 2 or more species found nowhere else
• World Wildlife Fund-U.S “Global 200 Ecoregions” (from 14
terrestrial biomes, 3 freshwater and 4 marine). Selection on
the basis of species richness, endemism, taxonomic singleness,
rare evolutionary or ecological phenomena, global rarity
• Megadiverse countries
Megadiverse countries
Australiaα
Congo
Madagascar
S. Africa
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Papua, New Guinea
Philippines
Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Mexico
Peru
USA
Venezuela
17
First, analysis of primates (4 countries, Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, Congo have 2/3 of all species),
then of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibia, plants and selected insects
In these 17 countries, >2/3 of all forms of life are represented. Also, they contain most tropical forests,
coral reefs and other priority systems.
For instance, Australia has 600.000-700.000 species (84% of plant, 83% of mammal, 45% of bird species
are endemic in the continent
(Mittermeier R.A. 1997. Megadiversity: Earth's Biologically Richest Nations. CEMEX - Agrupacion Sierra Madre, Mexico)
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How many species are there on Earth?
How are they distributed on the planet?
Species Number
Species Number
All species
Taxa
Identified
<2.000.000
Higher plants
Estimated
5-100 x 106
1IUCN
Earth
Grece
(132.000 km2)
287.6551
5.7003
(913 endemic4)
Mammals
5.4161
1155
(2 endemic)
Birds
9.7991
4425
(240 breeding)
Reptiles
8.1631
645
(7 endemic)
Amphibia
6.1602
225
(2 endemic)
Fish
28.5001
Marine 4765
Freshwater 1545
(47 endemic)
Invertebrates
1.190.2001
~27.0005
(~4000 endemic)
(2007), 2Amphibiaweb (http://amphibiaweb.org) (2007), 3Strid & Tan (1997), 4Tan K, Iatrou G. 2001, 5Λεγάκις & Μαραγκού 2010, 2Amphibiaweb
6(http://earthtrends.wri.org)
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How big are the losses / threats?
Lost and endangered
No. Threatened
% of described
% of evaluated
Απειλούμενα
είδη*
% ειδών
(που έχουν περιγραφεί)
% ειδών
(που έχουν εκτιμηθεί)
Σπονδυλόζωα
Θηλαστικά
Πουλιά
Αμφίβια
Ερπετά
Ψάρια
Υποσύνολο
1101
1213
1856
304
800
5.274
20
12
32
4
3
9
23
12
32
61
46
23
Ασπόνδυλα
Έντομα
Μαλάκια
Οστρακόδερμα
Άλλα
Υποσύνολο
559
974
429
30
1.992
0,06
1
1
0,02
0,17
73
45
86
55
57
Φυτά
Βρύα
Φτέρες
Γυμνόσπερμα
Δικοτυλήδονα
Μονοκοτυλήδονα
Υποσύνολο
80
140
305
7.025
771
8.321
0,5
1
31
4
1
2,89
86
67
34
74
68
70
Ομάδες ειδών
TOTAL
ΣΥΝΟΛΟ
15.589 είδη
Known losses in
modern era : 844
species
UNEP, State of the Environment and
policy retrospective 1972-2002
BirdLife International
IUCN 2005 Red list of Threatened
species
*in critical state, endangered,
vulnerable
1%
41%
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Which is the driving force?
Habitat loss
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Urbanization and agriculture
Climate change
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Reduction, segmentation, degradation
Extinctions
‘Fossils talk’
?
1000
Οικογένειες
800
600
400
200
0
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
Χρόνος (εκ. έτη)
Greatest mass extinction at the end of Permian – before 245 my
80% of genera disappeared – 95% of marine
Most known, at the end of Cretaceous – before 65 myν
Dinosaurs disappeared, mammals started to evolve, man appeared
Sepkoski JJ, Jr 1993 Ten Years in the Library: New Data Confirm
Paleontological Patterns. Paleobiology 19: 43-51 (τροποποιημένο)
European answer
Natura 2000 Network
~ 20% of EU under protection
Habitats Directive
Birds Directive
big challenge
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Halt biodiversity loss within EU till 2010*
Contribute to considerable reduction of the
rate of biodiversity loss globally till 2010
[*2006: 2010 and thereafter
1992, Rio, Earth Summit, Convention on Biological Diversity
1993, Ratification of the Convention by the ΕU
2001, Agreement of heads of EU member-states
Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD)
The objectives of the CBD are
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the conservation of biological diversity
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the sustainable use of its components
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the fair and equitable sharing of the
benefits arising from commercial and other
utilization of genetic resources
The agreement covers all ecosystems, species,
and genetic resources
Biodiversity and Conservation in Greece
• Biodiversity
• Management of Protected Areas
• National Committee «Natura 2000»
Directive 92/43 and its implementation
Species Number
Species Number
Taxa
Higher plants
1IUCN
Earth
Grece
(132.000 km2)
287.6551
5.7003
(913 endemic4)
Mammals
5.4161
1155
(2 endemic)
Birds
9.7991
4425
(240 breeding)
Reptiles
8.1631
645
(7 endemic)
Amphibia
6.1602
225
(2 endemic)
Fish
28.5001
Marine 4765
Freshwater 1545
(47 endemic)
Invertebrates
1.190.2001
~27.0005
(~4000 endemic)
(2007), 2Amphibiaweb (http://amphibiaweb.org) (2007), 3Strid & Tan (1997), 4Tan K, Iatrou G. 2001, 5Λεγάκις & Μαραγκού 2010, 2Amphibiaweb
6(http://earthtrends.wri.org)
Ζώα
Monachus monachus (Μεσογειακή φώκια)
Numenius tenuirostris (λεπτομύτα)
Species of Greece
criticaly endangered
Vanellus gregarius (καλημάνα)
Puffinus mauretanicus
Dipturus batis (γκριζόβατος)
Squatina squatina (ρίνα)
in a lake, a torrent, a spring,
a delta, an island, a peninsula,
a mountain…
Salaria economidisi
Λίμνη Τριχωνίδα (λεκ. Αχελώου)
Alosa vistonica (θρίτσα)
Λίμνη Βιστωνίδα
Cobitis stephanidisi (φεροβελονίτσα)
Πηγή Χαζάμπαλη (λεκ. Κάρλας)
Scardinius graecus (καλαμίθρα)
Λίμνη Υλίκη
Barbus euboicus (πετρόψαρο)
Ρέμα Μανικιώτικο (Εύβοια)
Phoxinellus epiroticus (τσίμα)
Λίμνη Παμβώτιδα
Pseudophoxinus laconicus (ντάσκα)
Ποταμοί Ευρώτας και Αλφειός
Valencia letourneuxi (ζουρνάς)
Ποτάμια Ελλάδας, Αλβανίας
Pungitius hellenicus (ελληνοπυγόστεος)
Πηγή Αγ. Παρασκευής (λεκ. Σπερχειού)
Knipowitschia milleri (αχερονογωβιός)
Δέλτα Αχέρωνα
Eudontomyzon hellenicus (γκαβόχελο)
Λεκάνες Στρυμόνα-Λούρου
Φυτά
Bupleurum kakiskalae
Λευκά Όρη (Κρήτη)
Horstrissea dolinicola
Ψηλορείτης (Κρήτη)
Anthemis glaberrima (μαργαρίτα)
Γραμβούσα (Κρήτη)
Aethionema retsina
Σκύρος, Σκυροπούλα
Minuartia dirphya
Όρος Δίρφυς (Εύβοια)
Saponaria jagelii (σαπουνόχορτο)
Ελαφόνησος (Πελοπόννησος)
Polygala helenae (πολύγαλο)
Κύθηρα
Consolida samia (δελφίνιο)
Όρος Κέρκης (Σάμος)
Convolvulus argyrothamnos (χωνάκι)
Κρήτη
Recent publications
ANIMALS
• Λεγάκις Α., Μαραγκού Π. (Επιμ. Έκδ) 2009. Το Κόκκινο Βιβλίο των Απειλούμενων Ζώων της Ελλάδας.
Ελληνική Ζωολογική Εταιρεία, Αθήνα
524 vertebrate species evaluated (out of 1273): 15% endangered
(11 amphibia species, 17 reptiles, 61 mammals, 45 freshwater fish
591 invertebrate specis: >50% endangered
PLANTS
• Φοίτος, Δ., Κωνσταντινίδης, Θ. & Καμάρη, Γ. (Επιμ. Έκδ.) 2010. Βιβλίο Ερυθρών Δεδομένων των Σπάνιων και
Απειλούμενων Φυτών της Ελλάδας, Τόμος 1 (A-D), Τόμος 2 (E-Z), Ελληνική Βοτανική Εταιρεία, Πάτρα.
Phitos D, Strid A, Snogerup S, Greuter W. 1995. The Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of
Greece. WWF, Athens.
460 species endangered (10% of flora evaluated)
ENDEMIC SPECIES OF GREECE
Mammals
mouse (Acomys minous)
shrew (Crocidura zimmermanii)
Amphibia
frog (Rana epirotica)
salamander (Mertensiella luscani)
Reptiles
viper (Vipera svaizzeri)
turtle (Testudo marginata)
lizard (Lacerta graeca)
lizard(Podarcis milensis)
Lizard (Podarcis peloponnesiaca)
Lizard (Algiroides moreoticus)
Skink* (Ophiomorus punctatissimus)
*lizards with small legs or no limbs at all
Plants of Mediterranean Islands
IUCN
Challenges for the Future
«…The deep-rooted Mediterranean mindset that
“culture” is mainly a humanistic affair and that “nature” is
somehow different and, or course, second in importance
to culture has resulted in far too little attention being
paid in the past to environmental quality, ecosystem
‘health’, biodiversity maintenance, and sustainable
supply of natural ecosystem services…»
EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
1. Directive 79/409/ΕC «on the conservation of wild birds»
(ΚΥΑ 414985/1985)
2. Directive 92/43/EC « on the conservation of natural
habitats and of wild fauna and flora»
(ΚΥΑ 33318/3028, ΦΕΚ Β’ 1289, 1998)
1. Special Protection Areas (SPA)
2. Sites of Community Importance (SCI)
SPA and SCI contain habitat types (and species)
Habitat types: Terrestrial or aquatic areas distinguished by
geographic, abiotic and biotic features, whether entirely natural or
semi-natural
[the biotic traits are primarily vegetation types of dominant plant
species; e.g. Eastern Mediterranean screes, Marine caves,
Mediterranean pinewoods with endemic Mediterranean pine species,
Phrygana of Sarcopoterium spinosum…]
Natura 2000 Network
The aim of the directive is o contribute towards ensuring biodiversity
through the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora in
the European territory of the Member States, taking measures designed to
maintain or restore them at favourable conservation status taking into
account economic social and cultural requirements and regional and local
characteristics.
Natural habitat types of community interest are those which (i) are in
danger of disappearance in their natural range or (ii) have a small natural
range following their regression or by reason of their intrinsically restricted
area, or (iii) present outstanding examples of typical characteristics of one or
more of the nine following biogeographical regions: Alpine, Atlantic, Black
Sea, Boreal, Continental, Macaronesian, Mediterranean, Pannonian and
Steppic.
Priority natural habitat types are the natural habitat types of community
interest in danger of disappearance, which are present on the territory of EU
and for the conservation of which the Community has particular responsibility
in view of the proportion of their natural range which falls within its
territory; they are indicated by an asterisk (*) in Annex I; (π.χ. Coastal
lagoons, Palm forests with Phoenix)
Natura 2000 Network
Species of community interest are those within the territory of EU that are
endangered (except those with marginal range in that territory or which are not
endangered or vulnerable in the western palearctic region) or vulnerable (believe to
move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue
operating) or rare (with small populations that are not at risk) or endemic (and
requiring particular attention by reason of the specific nature of their habitat and/or
the potential impact of their exploitation on their habitat and/or their conservation
status; they may be listed in Annex II and/or Annex IV or V)
Priority species: Species of community interest for the conservation of which the
Community has particular responsibility in view of the proportion of their natural range
which falls within its territory; they are indicated by an asterisk (*) in Annex II
(e.g. Ursos arctos, Lynx lynx, Silene orphanides Boiss., Nepeta dirphys (Boiss.) Heldr.
ex Halacsy)
Natura 2000 Network
Official final list of Greek SCI (2006)
L259, 49, 21/9/06
202 Special Protection Areas (SPA)
241 Sites of Community Interest (SCI)
They occupy a total area of 4.294.960 ha
• 27,3% of Greek territory
• 6,1% of Greek waters
~100 scientists LIFE (1994-1996), initial list
Protected Areas in Greece
Until 1995: 3% of the surface of the
country (65)
Until 2000: 17% of the surface of the country
(270)
2010: 33% of the surface of the country
(419)
Natura 2000
France
371 SPA
1334 SCI
Occupy 6.800.000 ha
• 12,4% of French territory
8372 Municipalities within the network (population >14.000.000)
www.natura2000.fr
Habitats of community interest
Natural habitats
 Coastal and alophytic
 Coastal sand dunes and inland dunes
 Freshwater
 Temperate heath and scrub
 Sclerophyllous scrub (matorral)
Greece hosts 85 habitat types of
community interest
 Natural and Semi-natural grassland
formations
 Raised bogs and mires and fens
 Rocky and caves
 Forests
Total number of habitat types of
Directive 92/43: [250]
Greece hosts 292 plant and animal species
(birds non-included) of community interest
Natura 2000 Network
Network areas
•
•
Special Protection Areas (SPA)
After the adoption of the list of Sites of Community Interest (SCI)
Special Areas of Conservation (SAC)
Member states should designate these areas as SAC, the latest, after 6 years
Real management of SACs should have started
Natura 2000 Network
Achieve favourable conservation status
for natural habitats and species
CONSERVATION STATUS
The conservation status of a natural habitat is ‘favourable’ when:
— its natural range and areas it covers within that range are
stable or increasing,
and
— the specific structure and functions which are necessary for its
long-term maintenance exist and are likely to continue to exist
for the foreseeable future,
and
— the conservation status of its typical species is favourable
CONSERVATION STATUS
The conservation status of a species will be taken as ‘favourable’ when:
— population dynamics data on the species concerned indicate that
it is maintaining itself on a long-term basis as a viable component of its
natural habitats,
and
— the natural range of the species is neither being reduced nor is
likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future,
and
— there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large
habitat to maintain its populations on a long-term basis
Implementation of
92/43 Directive
• 30% of habitats in non-satisfactory conservation
status
• 80% of marine habitats in non-satisfactory status
• For 65% of terrestrial species and 62% of all species of
Community Interest, the conservation status is unknown
• For all arthropods, the conservation status is unknown
• Even for mammals, the conservation status is unknown
for more than 70%
PROTECTED AREAS
National legislation
Law 1650/1986 «For the protection of the
environment»
Article 18: Types (5) or protected areas
•
•
•
•
•
•
Strict Nature Reserves
Nature Reserves
National Parks
Protected natural formations
Protected Landscapes and landscape unites
Ecodevelopment areas
Περιοχές προστασίας οικοτόπων και ειδών
Management
Α) Management Authority of a specific protected area
Β) Management Authority of protected areas of a geographic or
administrative entity
C) Entrusting management to
(i) existing service of the public sector Public service
(ii) non-profit organizations of the private sector (e.g. environmental
NGOs)
Management contracts
28 Management Authorities / 28 areas
(Εθνικά Πάρκα, Εθνικά Θαλάσσια Πάρκα,
Περιοχή Προστασίας της Φύσης, 4 Περιοχές Οικοανάπτυξης)
Οριοθετημένες Προστατευόμενες Περιοχές
1. Εθνικού Θαλάσσιου Πάρκου Ζακύνθου
(Πρώτος)
2. Εθνικού Πάρκου Σχοινιά-Μαραθώνα
(Δεύτερος)
3. Περιοχής Οικοανάπτυξης Λίμνης Παμβώτιδας Ιωαννίνων
4. Εθνικού Θαλάσσιου Πάρκου Αλονήσου-Β. Σποράδων
5. Eθνικού Πάρκου Λιμνών Κορώνειας-Βόλβης
6. Εθνικού Πάρκου Β. Πινδου (Εθνικών Δρυμών Βίκου-Αώου και Πίνδου)
7. Περιοχής Οικοανάπτυξης Κάρλας-Μαυροβουνίου-Κεφαλόβρυσου Βελεστίνου
8. Περιοχής Οικοανάπτυξης Όρους Πάρνωνα και Υγροτόπου Μουστού
9. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δάσους Δαδιάς-Λευκίμμης-Σουφλίου
10. Εθνικού Πάρκου Λιμνοθάλασσας Μεσολογγίου
11. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δέλτα Αξιού-Λουδία-Αλιάκμονα
12. Εθνικού Πάρκου Υγρότοπου Κερκίνης
13. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δέλτα Έβρου
14. Εθνικού Πάρκου Υγροτόπων Κοτυχίου, Στροφυλιάς
15. Εθνικού Πάρκου Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας και Θράκης (Δέλτα Νέστου-Βιστωνίδας-Ισμαρίδας)
16. Εθνικό Πάρκο Υγροτόπων Αμβρακικού
17. Εθνικό Πάρκο Δρυμού Πρεσπών
18. Περιοχής Οικοανάπτυξης Ολύμπου Καρπάθου – Σαρίας
19. Εθνικού Πάρκου Χελμού-Βουραϊκού
20. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δρυμού Αίνου
21. Περιοχή Προστασίας της Φύσης Στενών και Εκβολών των ποταμών Αχέροντα και Καλαμά*
22. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δρυμού Οίτης
23. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δρυμού Παρνασσού
24. Εθνικό Πάρκο Οροσειράς Ροδόπης
25. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δρυμού Ολύμπου
26. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δρυμών Σαμαριάς και Λευκών Ορέων
27. Εθνικού Πάρκου Δρυμού Πάρνηθας
28. Εθνικού Πάρκου Τζουμέρκων, Περιστερίου και χαράδρας Αράχθου
(Τελευταίος)
Only 30%
under the
jurisdiction of
Management
Authorities
(Ν. 2742, ΚΥΑ 33318/3028/1998)
Natura 2000 National Committee
Responsible for the implementation of the 92/43/EU
Directive
Functions also as National Committee of Protected Areas
Natura 2000 Committee
Experts in
• Ecology
• Botany
• Zoology
• Marine Biology
• Forestry
• Soil Science
• Administrative and Environmental Law
Natura 2000 Committee
+ representatives of 6 Ministries, 4 NGOs
29 members
-------Ministries
•
•
•
•
•
•
Environment, Energy and Climate Change
Economy and Marine Affairs
Agriculture
Internal Affairs
Culture and Tourism
Civil Protection
Natura 2000 Committee
Priorities of action
first year
REPORTS
Every six years Member States shall draw up a report on the
implementation of the measures taken under this Directive.
This report shall include in particular information concerning the
conservation measures as well as evaluation of the impact of those
measures on the conservation status of the natural habitat types of
Annex I and the species in Annex II
The report, in accordance with the format established by
the committee, shall be forwarded to the Commission and made
accessible to the public.
with field data, no experts’ opinion
[2001, 2007]
Designation of SACs
• Set conservation objectives
• Define priorities
• Apply measures
Management
70% of the remaining
protected areas
Natura 2000 Committee
Priorities for the first year
• Monitoring of species and natural habitats
• Evaluation of their conservation status
• Management of protected areas
Consultation regarding the
biodiversity target
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/consultations/
biodecline.htm
25.08.2010 to 22.10.2010
The objective of this consultation is to gather input
from a wide range of stakeholders on possible policy
options for the European Union's post-2010 EU
biodiversity strategy, which will be assessed by the
Commission as part of the process of its development
Statements
1.
The EU's 2010 biodiversity target was not reached because...
•
•
Measures taken were not sufficiently ambitious. (compulsory)
Measures taken did not address the main drivers of biodiversity
loss. (compulsory)
The relevant legislation (Birds and Habitats Directives, Water
Framework Directive, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, etc.)
has not been sufficiently implemented. (compulsory)
answer
The level of funding directed towards this end was not
adequate. (compulsory)
The target itself was unrealistic. (compulsory)
•
•
•
2. Biodiversity in the EU continues to be lost because…
Despoina Vokou
Professor, Department of Ecology
[email protected]
Tel. 2310 998375, 2310 998323
Structure of the Class
Students from how many and which countries?
Students of what?
INSTRUCTIONS FOR WORK
Questionnaire
5 students fill in the questionnaire, one from each country
Information for the Natura 2000 Network in the countries of the
participating students
a) How many SPA?
b) How many SCI?
c) Surface of the country?
d) Surface of SCI and SPA in ha and %?
e) Reference/preferably Website?
f) Who is responsible for the management of protected areas?
g) Is there a relevant body in your country like the Natura 2000
Committee of Greece?