Transcript No Slide Title

CRITICAL HABITAT INFORMATION SYSTEM
FOR ISLANDS OFF KARWAR,
KARNATAKA, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN DEVELOPMENT
ICMAM PROJECT DIRECTORATE, CHENNAI
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
ICMAM-PD
CONTENTS
Programme
Landuse/Landcover
CHIS for Karwar islands
Water Quality
General Description
Biodiversity
Ecological Significance
Socio-Economic Aspects
Environmental Status
Suggestions
Geomorphology
Conclusion
ICMAM-PD
Karwar Islands
 The islands are located in mid west
coast of India, between 14°45’ and
14°55’ N and between 74°03’ and
74°07’30” E.
 All islands are within 1-3.6 nautical
miles from the mainland.

Island
Kangigudda island
Kurmagadagudda island
Shimisgudda island
Karkalgudda island
Mandalgudda island
Mogeragudda island
Anjadeep island
(km2)
1.9
5.3
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.8
9.2
Karkalgudda and Mandalgudda
islands are located between 10 and 20
metres depth contour and the rest of
the islands within 10 m depth.
 Islands are rocky in nature with pocket
beaches of boulders and sand.

The islands are categorised
Reserved and Minor forests.
as
ICMAM-PD
About Islands off Karwar
 Rocky islands off Karwar are 13
to 60 metres in elevation.
 Islands are covered by semi
ever-green forests and grass
lands.
 Karwar coastline is socioeconomically
significant
and
ecologically sensitive as majority
of the coastal population is
engaged in marine fishing.
Kangigudda island
A
Kurmagadagudda island B
Shimisgudda island
C
Nearshore
D,E
Karkalgudda island
F
Mandalgudda island
G
Offshore
H,K
Anjadeep island
I,J
Mogeragudda island
L
 Karwar group of islands are
unique by the combination of
rocky islands laden with silt rich
substratum supporting benthic
organisms of hard and soft
substratum.
ICMAM-PD
Ecological Significance
Of the 7 islands off Karwar, 5 islands
(except Anjadeep and Kangigudda
islands) have been declared as
Reserved Forests.
On
the
mainland
Karwar, one Wildlife
Sanctuary
(at
Dandeli)
and
one
National
Park
(at
Anashi) are located.
The sandy/rocky beaches, the tidal
flats, etc, offer the most conducive
niche for a variety of interstitial and
sedentary organisms.
Some of the endangered species,
such
as,
Olive
Ridley
turtle,
Lepidochelys olivacea and Bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus,
were also observed in these island
groups.
ICMAM-PD
Environmental Status
Islands of Karwar are influenced by discharge of
Kali river and tidal rhythms.
Nearshore waters are subjected to upwelling
during monsoon.
Maximum salinity observed was 36.6 PSU at
around 40 m depth.
Average annual rainfall is about 3400 mm.
Human activities include fishing in coastal waters,
agriculture, industries, etc.
ICMAM-PD
Coastal Morphology
Karwar islands are tropical with
rocky cliffs covered with dense
forests and a few sandy pocketbeaches.
In the Karwar mainland, the
coastal landforms include sandy
to rocky beaches, estuary, tidal
flats and rocky promontories.
ICMAM-PD
Landuse/Landcover
Forests
Agriculture
Barren land
Grass land
Beach sand
Island vegetation
The islands are
evergreen forests.
55427 sq.km
9800 sq.km
8411 sq.km
115 sq.km
5.87 sq.km
66 ha
covered
with
ICMAM-PD
Methodology
GIS based information system was developed using remote
sensing data, SOI toposheets and data collected through
field surveys.
Primary data on various physico-chemical and biological
parameters were collected in the selected sampling points
during 1998-99.
Data were collected during pre-monsoon (May’98), postmonsoon (Dec’98) and summer (Apr’99) seasons.
Secondary data on fishery resources and socio-economic
aspects were also collected.
ICMAM-PD
Water Quality
Physico-chemical
parameters
studied
include light extinction co-efficient, turbidity,
temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen,
nutrients, etc.
ICMAM-PD
Dissolved oxygen
May ’98
5.60 - 5.86
5.86 - 6.13
6.13 - 6.40
6.40 - 6.66
6.66 - 6.93
6.93 - 7.20
7.20 - 7.46
7.46 - 7.73
7.73 - 8.00
(mg/l)
Dec ’98
5.91 6.55 7.19 7.84 8.48 -
6.55
7.19
7.84
8.48
9.12
9.12 - 9.77
9.77 - 10.41
10.41 - 11.05
11.05 - 11.70
Apr ’99
6.40 6.83 7.27 7.70 8.13 -
6.83
7.27
7.70
8.13
8.57
8.57 - 9.00
9.00 - 9.43
9.43 - 9.87
9.87 - 10.30
Spatial distribution of water quality parameters could be visualised in
GIS using the 3D spatial analysis facility. Data on other parameters
could also be overlaid to analyse the relationship among the
parameters.
Dissolved oxygen was in normal levels and was more during Dec’98
due to influence of Kali river discharge.
ICMAM-PD
Turbidity
May ’98
3.71 - 3.97
3.97 - 4.22
4.22 - 4.47
4.47 - 4.73
4.73 - 4.98
4.98 - 5.24
5.24 - 5.49
5.49 - 5.75
5.75 - 6.00
(NTU)
Dec ’98
1.00 - 2.67
2.67 - 4.34
4.34 - 6.00
6.00 - 7.67
7.67 - 9.33
9.33 - 11.00
11.00 - 12.67
12.67 - 14.33
14.33 - 16.00
Apr ’99
0.70 - 1.07
1.07 - 1.43
1.43 - 1.80
1.80 - 2.17
2.17 - 2.53
2.53 - 2.90
2.90 - 3.27
3.27 - 3.63
3.63 - 4.00
Turbidity range was low during premonsoon (May’98) and
summer (Apr’99) than in postmonsoon (Dec’98). High
turbidity in Dec’98 may be due to land runoff.
ICMAM-PD
Phosphate
May ’98
0.76 - 0.96
0.96 - 1.16
1.16 - 1.36
1.36 - 1.56
1.56 - 1.75
1.75 - 1.95
1.95 - 2.15
2.15 - 2.35
2.35 - 2.55
(µmol/l)
Dec ’98
0.85 - 1.17
1.17 - 1.48
1.48 - 1.80
1.80 - 2.12
2.12 - 2.43
2.43 - 2.75
2.75 - 3.07
3.07 - 3.38
3.38 - 3.70
Apr ’99
0.8 - 1.0
1.0 - 1.2
1.2 - 1.4
1.4 - 1.6
1.6 - 1.8
1.8 - 2.0
2.0 - 2.2
2.2 - 2.4
2.4 - 2.6
Phosphate level was high in postmonsoon (Dec’98)
than other seasons. Runoff from agricultural fields and
upwelling may be the factors for high phosphate
levels.
ICMAM-PD
Biological Parameters
Biological parameters studied include
primary productivity, qualitative and
quantitative aspects on phytoplankton,
zooplankton, intertidal and eulittoral
benthos, macrophytes, etc.
Biodiversity
indices
were
also
calculated for different groups of
organisms, based on the data collected.
ICMAM-PD
Primary Productivity
Net Minimum Productivity
Net Maximum Productivity
The net maximum and minimum primary productivity
during different seasons are given below.
Seasons
mgC/l/hr
Maximum Stn. Minimum
May’98
Dec’98
Apr’99
0.1393
0.3323
0.2251
B
L
E
0.0472
0.1179
0.0322
B:
Stn. I :
L:
I
C:
C
E:
F
F:
Kurmagadagudda Island
Anjadeep Island
Mogeragudda Island
Shimisgudda Island
Binaga Coastal
Karkalgudda Island
ICMAM-PD
Biodiversity
During the study period (1998-99), flora and
fauna of neritic and benthic (intertidal,
eulittoral) environments of Karwar islands and
adjoining waters were studied.
58 species of phytoplankton and 40 species of zooplankton
constituted the planktonic forms.
10 species of macrophytes (seaweeds) and 1 mangrove species were
recorded.
A total of 60 species comprising gastropods, bivalves, echinoderms,
crustaceans and others formed the inter-tidal faunal composition.
34 species of macrobenthos comprising
polychaetes (16), gastropods (17),
echinoderm (1), and 64 species of
meiobenthos comprising foraminifers
(38), ostracods (12), polychaetes (6), etc,
were recorded.
ICMAM-PD
Phytoplankton
58 species of phytoplankton were
observed during 1998-99, comprising
Bacillariophyceae
(38
species),
Dinophyceae (17) and others (3).
Number of species observed was 46 in
May’98, 38 in Dec’98 and 28 in Apr’99.
Numerical abundance ranged from 5
lakh to 13 lakh cells/m3 in May’98, from
354 lakh to 1286 lakh cells/m3 in
Dec’98 and from 519 lakh to 1250 lakh
cells/m3 in Apr’99.
Important species were of the genera,
Coscinodiscus, Ceratium, Fragilaria,
Trichodesmium,
Protoperidinium,
Planktoniella etc.
Diversity index ranged from 0.125 in
Dec’98 to 1.198 in May’98.
ICMAM-PD
Macrophytes
10 species of macrophytes were recorded. They are
Enteromorpha sp, Ulva sp, Caulerpa racemosa, Hypnea
sp,
Sargassum
sp,
Padina
gymnosphora,
P.
tetrastomatica, Gracilaria sp, Porphyra vietnamensis and
Bangia fucopurpurea. Sargassum dominated all the
species in terms of biomass (wet weight) in all the islands
during Dec’98 and Apr’99.
ICMAM-PD
Zooplankton
40 species comprising Arthropoda (30
species), Chaetognatha (2) and other
taxa (8) were recorded. The number of
species observed was 28 in May’98 and
Dec’98 and 36 in Apr’99.
Copepods dominated the zooplankton
composition in May’98 and Apr’99. In
Dec’98, copepods and siphonophores
were the dominant constituents.
Dominant species were of the genera
Acartia, Paracalanus, Acrocalanus,
Temora, Oithona, Lucifer (crustaceans),
Tintinnopsis, Favella (protozoans),
Diphysis,
Vogtia
(coelenterates),
Sagitta (chaetognaths) and Oikopleura
(appendicularians).
Diversity index ranged from 0.854 to
2.552. In general, diversity was high
during May’98 than other seasons.
ICMAM-PD
Intertidal Fauna
A total of 60 species was
found distributed in all the
islands
comprising
32
species of gastropods, 10
species of bivalves, 8
species of crustaceans and
10 species of other taxa.
No significant seasonal
variation was observed.
Number of species was
more in Anjadeep island
and less in Mogeragudda
island
throughout
the
study period.
ICMAM-PD
Intertidal Macrobenthos
Polychaetes,
gastropods
and bivalves dominated the
composition.
Diversity index was more in
Anjadeep
island
throughout
the
study
period, while it was less in
Mogeragudda island.
ICMAM-PD
Eulittoral Macrobenthos
30
species
comprising
polychaetes,
gastropods,
bivalves and other taxa were
observed.
Polychaetes and
gastropods dominated the
composition.
Number
of
species
and
abundance was more in
May’98 and Apr’99 and less in
Dec’98.
Diversity index ranged from
0.44 to 1.33 in May’98, 0.24 to
0.74 in Dec’98 and 0.42 to 1.12
in Apr’99.
ICMAM-PD
Intertidal Meiobenthos
10 species of ostracods
(crustaceans) and 17 species
of foraminifers (protozoans)
dominated the composition.
Other taxa observed were
polychaetes, nematodes, etc.
Diversity index was more in
Anjadeep island throughout
the
study
period.
Less
diversity was observed in
Shimisgudda
island
and
Mogeragudda island.
Diversity index ranged from
4.6 to 5.9 in May’98, 3.4 to 5.6
in Dec’98 and 4.6 to 6.2 in
Apr’99.
ICMAM-PD
Eulittoral Meiobenthos
Nematodes and protozoans
dominated the composition.
Other taxa observed were
Arthropods,
Polychaetes,
Coelenterates,
Lamellibranchs, etc.
Number of species and
abundance was more in
May’98 and Apr’99 and low in
Dec’98.
Diversity index ranged from
6.71 to 8.48 in May’98, 4.9 to
7.78 in Dec’98 and 6.39 to 8.65
in Apr’99.
ICMAM-PD
Socio-economic Aspects
Population : 1,40,282
Male
:
71,674
Female :
68,608
Literacy
Male: 85%, Female: 67 %
Employed :
46,672
Livestock : 1,02,191
A chemical industry is located at
Binaga and a cement industry at
Majali.
19%
Revenue of
6 major sectors
Uttar Kannada Dist
36%
12%
Agriculture & Animal Husbandry
Forestry
Large number of small scale
industries on textile, leather, rubber,
glass, ceramics, engineering, etc,
provide employment to large number
of people.
7%
20%
6%
Fisheries
Industries
Construction
Trade and hotels
Active fishermen population
(1998-99)
Majali
2340
Karwar
3100
Binaga
312
Arga
242
Chendia
610
Kodar
690
Aquaculture is gaining momentum with
about 20 units with an area of 113 ha and
prawn hatchery area of 1100 m2.
ICMAM-PD
Fishery Aspects
Majali
A ve ra g e f ish c a tch in to n n es
1 99 4 -95
8 81 8
1 99 5 .9 6
14 1 56
1 99 6 -97
22 05 6
1 99 7 -98
13 50 4
1 99 8 -99
12 02 5
Karwar
N o o f C ra fts / g e a rs d u ri n g 1 9 98 -9 9
P u r se s ein er s
T ra w l
G ill N e tt er s
L o n g lin e r s
O t h er s
28
18 3
23 0
10
10
D ra g n et s
G ill N e ts
T ra w l n e t s
C as t n e ts
S h o re se in e s
P u r se s ein es
O t h er s
212
379
365
10 5 0
115
47
16 1 7
ARABIAN
SEA
Binaga
Arga
Major fish landing centres
Chendia
Kedar
F is h e r m e n P o p u la t io n d u r in g 1 9 9 8 - 9 9
La n d in g S t a ti o n
M en
M a ja l i
227 8
K a rw a r
B in ag a
Ar g a
W om en
25 59
C h i ld r e n
19 13
36 81
28 1
240
3 481
2 18
141
2 526
5 12
480
C h en d ia
360
38 0
96 2
Kodar
363
361
846
ICMAM-PD
S o u rc e : K F D C B o o kle t
Importance of Karwar Environment
Studies on Karwar environment such as water quality, hydrography,
plankton, fishery resources, etc., reveal that the aquatic
environment of Karwar is highly productive. Upwelling is one of the
important factors for high productivity. Oil sardine and mackerel
form the major fisheries. Largest sized mackerel in India has been
recorded from Karwar waters.
Declining trend in fisheries from 1996-97 to 1998-99 may be due
to unsustainable fishery practices.
(in tonnes)
Fish catch
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Year
94-95
95-96
96-97
97-98
98-99
ICMAM-PD
Suggestions
“Sea-Bird” Naval Project is coming up
in the vicinity of Mogeragudda and
Anjadeep islands. Currently, 180m
north breakwater from Binaga Bay to
Anjadeep island and the south
breakwater from Round island to Arga
have been constructed.
Impacts of the project on environmental quality and
biodiversity need to be studied.
Data on the physico-chemical parameters of water,
sediment and biological diversity do not indicate any
adverse environmental conditions. However, considering
the ecological significance of this ecosystem, efforts need
to be taken for conservation, management and development
of these areas.
ICMAM-PD
Conclusion
Development of GIS based Information System
for Karwar islands and their surrounding
environment, has enabled understanding the
present status of water quality, occurrence of
endangered organisms and biodiversity of these
ecologically sensitive habitats. Protection and
conservation of the biodiversity of these
coastal areas and introduction of appropriate
strategy for rational and sustainable utilisation
of their resources, are called for.
ICMAM-PD