Transcript Interpretation of term SOP for the Deep

Interpretation of terms
in SOP for the Deep-Sea Resources
Exploration
Penchan Laongmanee
SEAFDEC/TD
Regional workshop on the Standard Operating Procedure and
Development/Improvement of Sampling Gears for the Deep-Sea
Resource Exploration, 26-28 May 2009, SEAFDEC/TD
Expected output
The meeting requested to identify the following
topic for the common understanding for SOP
preparation
• Scope of deep-sea area
• Deep sea fisheries resource sampling gears
• Indicators for deep-sea resources survey
• Indicator for the impact of fishing to
ecosystem
Scope of deep-sea area for SOP
FAO considered deepwater fisheries as those fisheries that occur beyond the
continental shelf/slope break which typically occurs at about 200 m. The
current technology limit of these fisheries is about 2000 m.
Fig1. from FAO,2007, p40
What is the Deepwater fisheries?
Organization/country/Ref.
Depth
Remarks
FAO (deepwater fisheries)
>200 m (beyond
continental shelf/slope
break)
ICES (deepwater fisheries)
>400 m
New zealand (deepwater
fisheries)
Center>500 m
Deepwater fisheries
beyond 500 m are
important (for ex. Orange
roughy fisheries)
D.J. Randall and A.P.Farrell
(Deep-sea fishes)
>1000 m
Permanently unlit by
sunlight, abiotic and biotic
factors show relatively little
variation in both time &
space
SEAFDEC (Target survey area)
Need input
> 100 m ??
Most of catch from deep
water fisheries , generally
occur at depth less than
500 m. (from stat)
Close to, or in contact with,
the seafloor much of the
time, and benthopelagic
species that are associated
with the seafloor
Scope of deep-sea area for SOP
Depth of commercial trawl fisheries in SEA countries
Country
Depth (m) (Commercial trawl)
Remark
Brunei
< 100 m
> 200 m (taxa)
Indonesia
Up to >100 m
>100 m,
Malaysia
< 100 m
> 100 m
Myanmar
?
Philippine
< 100 m
Thailand
< 100 m
Vietnam
Up to > 100 m
Dr. Charatsee  base on photic zone , >200 m
Base on continental break + sea mouth
>200 m
Below photic zone (by
ecosystem), >200 m
Deep sea area in ASEAN water
ETOPO1 Data, 1 minute resolution from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html , prepared by Siriporn
Scope of deep-sea area for SOP
Scope of Deep-sea area for SOP for the
deep-sea resource exploration in SEA
water is
> 100 m ?
> 200 m ?
Demersal species which are close to, or in contact
with, the seafloor much of the time, and
benthopelagic species that are associated with the
seafloor.
Scope of deep-sea area for SOP
Deep sea fishery: water column and/or sea floor?
FAO. 2006. Report of Expert Consultation on Deep-Sea Fisheries
in the High Seas. p.62 -63
Another aspect of deep-sea fisheries is their relationships to the
water column or sea floor. Fisheries for mesopelagic and
benthopelagic species, which live in the water column
without association with the sea floor, might be considered
deep water fisheries ( as the species occur at depths of at
least 200 m). However, these species generally do not grow to
a large enough size to make them valuable commercial
fisheries and/or they have not proven to be viable
commercial fisheries due to processing or marketing
problems. Their distribution may be too diffuse to make
fishing them practical. The important deepwater fisheries are
for demersal species which are close to, or in contact with,
the seafloor much of the time, and benthopelagic species that
are associated with the seafloor.
Deep sea area in ASEAN water
ETOPO1 Data, 1 minute resolution from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html , prepared by Siriporn
Deep sea fisheries resources sampling gears
• Beam trawl, Agasszi trawl, Bottom Trawl, mid-water
trawl
• Demersal longline , Vertical line
• Traps/pot
• Bottom gill net
Picture modified from http://www.livingoceans.org/programs/sustainable_fisheries/gears/
Deep sea fisheries resources sampling gears
Trawl-able area  Trawl
From Dr.Y.Matsushita presentation
Advantage :
• Accurate sampling effort (e.g. geometric space,
operated duration) => better index of abundance
• Samplings are mobile in space and time
• Larger sample size increase statistical precision
• Selectivity
Disadvantage :
• Costly
Deep sea fisheries resources sampling gears
Untrawl-able area  bottom longline/vertical line,
trap/pot or bottom gill net
From Dr.Y.Matsushita presentation
Advantage:
• Relatively simple in design, construction, and use
• less machineries
Disadvantage:
• relative abundance available
• environment dependent
• selectivity (selective gear)
Indicators for deep-sea resources survey
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries part C :
Regional Guidelines on the use of indicators for
the sustainable development and management of
capture fisheries in Southeast Asian advise that
“ Fisheries Indicators” is generally referred as a practical
tool to support management of Fisheries.
“Fisheries Indicator” provides information on status and
trend of fisheries and resources, which can support
the decision making process.
Indicators for deep-sea resources survey
Resource indicators that SEAFDEC pilot projects in
capture fisheries management applied are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
CPUE (CPUA ?)
Yield (for trawl)
Catch composition
Number of species caught
Average landing size (average catch size)
Size of mature resource
Can we use these parameter as an
indicator for deep-sea resource
survey?
Indicators for deep-sea resources survey
Summary information from participants
Country
Survey method
Unit of indicator
Japan
trawl (commercial boat)
CPUE (Kg/hr)
Thailand
(MRC)
Beam trawl
Agassiz trawl
Otter trawl
?
? (for biodiversity)
?
Malaysia
trawl (1 hr)
BVL,
Trap,
CPUE (Kg/hr)
Kg/100 traps
Kg/station
Brunei
Darussalam
trawl
CPUA (Kg/km2)
Indicators for deep-sea resources survey
Country
Survey method
Unit of indicator
Indonesia
Deep sea trawl
CPUE (kg/hr)
Myanmar
Trawl
BVL
CPUE Kg/hr
No./1000 hooks
Philippine
Trawl
Trap
CPUA (kg/km2)
g/trap/hr
Vietnam
Trawl
CPUE (kg/hr)
Indicators for deep-sea resources survey
For SOP
Fishing gear
indicator
unit
Trawl
CPUE?
Kg/hr?, Kg/km2
CPUA,
Kg/km2 ?
Line
BVL, VL
CPUE
kg/1000 hooks ?
and/or no/1000 hooks
Trap/pot
CPUE
Kg/100 traps ?
And/or no/100 traps
Bottom gill net
CPUE
kg/km net ?
Indicator for the impact of fishing to
ecosystem
Guideline for the management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the
High Seas (FAO,2008)
Following is criteria in the identification of vulnerable marine
ecosystems and assessing significant adverse impacts from
fisheries that we should avoid to utilize the resources.
1. Uniqueness or rarity –an area or ecosystem that is unique or
that contains rare species whose loss could not be
compensated for by similar areas or ecosystems. These
included:
- Habitats that contain endemic species;
- Habitat of rare, threatened or endangered species that occur
only in discrete areas; or
- Nurseries or discrete feeding, breeding, or spawning areas.
Indicator for the impact of fishing to
ecosystem
2. Functional significance of the habitat – discrete areas or habitat
that are necessary for the survival, function,
spawning/reproduction or recovery of fish stocks, particular life
history stages (e.g. nursery grounds or rearing areas), or of rare,
threatened or endangered marine species.
3. Fragility- an ecosystem that is highly susceptible to degradation
by anthropogenic activities.
4. Life- history traits of component species that make recovery
difficult-ecosystems that are characterized by populations or
assemblages of species with one or more of the following
characteristics:
- Slow growth rates;
- Late age of maturity;
- Low or unpredictable recruitment; or
- Long-lived
Indicator for the impact of fishing to
ecosystem
5. Structural complexity- an ecosystem that is characterized by
complex physical structures created by significant
concentrations of biotic and abiotic features. In these
ecosystems, ecological processes are usually highly
dependent on these structured systems. Further, such
ecosystems often have high diversity, which is dependent on
the structuring organisms.
Can we consider the above list as an indicator
for the impact of fishing to ecosystem of SEA
water?
References
• FAO.2008.Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and
destructive fishing in deep-sea fisheries.18pp.
• FAO.2007.Report and documentation of the expert consultation on deepsea fisheries in high seas.203pp.
• FAO.2007. Report of the expert consultation on international guidelines
for the management of deep-sea in the high seas. 39pp.
• FAO.2008. Report of the technical consultation on international guidelines
for the management of deep-sea fisheries in the high seas
• M. Machete, T. Morato and G. Menezes. 2003. Modelling the
distributionof two fish species on seamounts of the Azores. FAO fisheries
proceeding 3/1: Conference on the Governance and Management of
Deep-sea Fisheries.182-195
End
Fishery resources
exploration on the
continental slopes in
the Lingayen Gulf