Transcript Welcome to Biology 122

Copyright Notice!
This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning
and is thereby preserved for all to use from
plantphys.info for as long as that website is available.
Images lacking photo credits are mine and, as long as
you are engaged in non-profit educational missions, you
have my permission to use my images and slides in your
teaching. However, please notice that some of the images
in these slides have an associated URL photo credit to
provide you with the location of their original source within
internet cyberspace. Those images may have separate
copyright protection. If you are seeking permission for use
of those images, you need to consult the original sources
for such permission; they are NOT mine to give you
permission.
Biology is multidimensional
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
This array is an example of what
dimension?
Levels of Organization
What fields of biology are at each
extreme?
Biophysics and Biochemistry
In this course our focus will be upon…
The Organism!
This level of organization is also…
Hierarchial / Multidimensional!
Carolus Linnaeus (aka Carl von Linné)
Swedish Botanist,
Physician, and Zoologist
1707 - 1778
Developed a hierarchial
classification scheme do
deal with all these
organisms, and we use
to this day (though we
are moving away from it
a little bit)!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Carl_von_Linné.jpg
Taxonomy is also Hierarchial!
The Organisms are Diverse: Taxonomy
Domain
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Gram +
Archaea
Protista
(Chromista)
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Phylum
Proteobacteria
Euryarchaeota
Phaeophyta
Anthophyta
Magnoliophyta
Basidiomycota
Chordata
Class
Gammaproteobacteria
--
Phaeophyceae
Dicotyledonae
Hymenomycetes
Mammalia
Order
Enterobacteriales
Halobacteriales
Fucales
Rosales
Agaricales
Primates
Family
Enterobacteriaceae
Halobacteriaceae
Fucaceae
Rosaceae
Agaricaceae
Hominidae
Genus
Escherichia
Halobacterium
Fucus
Rosa
Agaricus
Homo
Species
E. coli
H. salinarum
F. distichus
R. multiflora
A. bisporus
H. sapiens
Common
DH5
Halophytic
archaeon
Rockweed
Wild Rose
Mushroom
Human
Kingdom
How many organisms are there?
What is a species?
Animal species concept…
if offspring are fertile then same species…
does not apply to species of other
kingdoms:
Prokaryotes (no sex)
Allopolyploidy in plants
Horse: Equus caballus
Donkey: Equus asinus
X
http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/JNB/JNB002/00099924.jpg
http://www.explorecrete.com/albums/album19/donkey.jpg
Mule: Sterile Hybrid
http://www.muleranch.com/Clients/RedPeak-JerryHeitzlerMule.gif
Wolf
Canis lupus
German Shepherd Dog
Canis familiaris
X
X
http://www.dog.com/breed/docgrafx/germshep.jpg
Coydog
Wolfdog
Fertile
Hybrids!
http://www.city.west-lafayette.in.us/wlpd/coyredw.jpg
http://www.leerburg.com/Photos/wolfdog-05.jpg
http://www.ecores.uzhgorod.ua/Fotogalereya/fauna/Canis_lupus_01.JPG
http://museum.utep.edu/chih/theland/animals/mammals/clatrans.jpeg
Coyote
Canis latrans
What is a Species? The Case of Bread Wheat
AA (diploid wheat)
x
Triticum urartu
DD (diploid grass)
Aegilops tauschii
AADD
AD (sterile diploid) colchicine
similar to mule!
or spontaneous (fertile tetraploid)
BB (diploid grass)
Aegilops speltoides
BBAADD
colchicine
BAD (sterile triploid)
Fertile hexaploid
or spontaneous
Bread Wheat
Triticum aestivum
Bread Wheat Created 7500 BC with spontaneous doubling of DNA
Levy A. A. and M. Feldman. 2002. The impact of polyploidy on grass genome evolution. Plant Physiol. 130: 1587-1593.