Transcript LE 01-10b - Biology at Mott

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Living organisms are highly ordered.
Living organisms show evolutionary
adaptations.
Living organisms respond to their
environment.
Living organisms reproduce.
Living organisms show growth and
development.
Living organisms process energy.
Living organism show regulation.
Order
Evolutionary
adaptation
Response
to the
environment
Reproduction
Growth and development
Energy processing
Regulation
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Themes connect the concepts of biology.
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The study of life extends from microscopic scale to the
entire living planet. New properties emerge at each
level.
Organisms interact with their environments,
exchanging matter and energy.
Structure and function are correlated at all levels of
biological organization.
The continuity of life is based on heritable information
in the form of DNA.
Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems.
THE CORE THEME: Evolution accounts for the unity
and diversity of life.
All environments that are inhabited by life
The biosphere
All living things in a particular area, along with the nonliving components of the environment with which life
interacts.
Ecosystems
All the living organisms in
a particular ecosystem
Communities
All the individual
members of a
species in an given
area. Populations
combine to form a
biological
community.
Populations
Individual living things
Organisms
Organ – body part
consisting of two or
more tissues.
Organ system – group
of organs that
cooperate to perform
a specific function.
Organs and
organ systems
Groups of cells specialized for a specific function
Tissues
50 µm
Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
Cell
10 µm
Cells
Various functional components of cells
1 µm
Organelles
Chemical structure
consisting of two or
more small chemical
units called atoms.
Atoms
Molecules
Energy cannot be created or destroyed,
but undergoes transformations.
Chemical nutrients cycle through the
environment
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Cycling
of
chemical
nutrients
Producers
PppPProducers
(plants
(plantsand
andother
other
photosynthetic
photosynthetic
organisms)
organisms)
Heat
Chemical energy
Consumers
Consumers
(such
as animals)
(such as animals)
Heat
Biological structure gives clues about
what it does and how it works.
The function of something provides
insight into its construction.
A bird’s wing is designed for flight.
(
The wing has an aerodynamically efficient shape
Wing bones have a honeycombed internal structure
that is strong, but lightweight.
The flight muscles are controlled by neurons, which
transmit signals. Neurons with their many long
extensions are designed for communication.
100 µm
Flight muscles obtain energy in a usuable form from organelles
called mitochondria. Molecules in the highly folded inner
membrane carry out many of the steps in energy production.
Mitochondrion
There are two types of cells:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus (Contains DNA)
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Prokaryotic cell
DNA (no nucleus)
Membrane
Cytoplasm
1 µm
Inherited DNA directs development of an organism.
Nuclei
Sperm cell
containing
DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg egg
With DNA from DNAEmbryo’s
from cells with
copies
of inherited DNA
both parents
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
Nucleus
DNA
Nucleotide
Cell
(a) DNA double helix
(b) Single strand of DNA
In feedback regulation, the output or
product, of a process regulates that
process.
Negative
–
feedback
A
Enzyme 1
B
Excess D
blocks a step
Enzyme 2
D
D
D
C
Enzyme 3
D
(a) Negative feedback:
Accumulation of the final product (D) inhibits the first enzyme in the
sequence, slowing down the production of more D.
IIn positive feedback, a product
stimulates an enzyme in the sequence
and increases the production of the
product.
Positive
feedback +
W
Enzyme 4
X
Enzyme 5
Excess Z
stimulates
a step
Z
Y
Z
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
(b) Positive feedback
Organizing the Diversity of Life is a
major challenge of biologists.
Species Genus Family Order
Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
aBiologists classify species
into groups that are then
combined into even broader
groups, for example groups
of similar species are
grouped into a genus,
groups of similar genera are
grouped into a family,
families into orders, etc.
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Domains are large groups made up of
kingdoms. They are a relatively new
classification.
The three domains are:
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Domain Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread
prokaryotes.
(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
Domain Archaea live in extreme environments, such
as salty lakes and boiling hot springs.
Contains all organisms with cells having a
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
There are multiple kingdoms in the
Domain Eukarya
Protists contain multiple kingdoms, but are mostly unicellular
eukaryotes. They had previously been one of the five kingdoms
of Eukarya, but are in the process of reclassification
Protists
Kingdom Fungi is a
multicellular kingdom
defined mainly by its mode
of nutrition. Fungi absorb
nutrients from their
environment.
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular
eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis.
Kingdom Plantae
Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that
injest other organisms.
Kingdom Animalia
“Descent with modification”
There is unity among species that descended from
a common ancestor;
diversity in the modifications that evolved as
species branched from their common ancestor.
Steps that lead to change in a population.
1
Population
with varied
inherited traits.
2
Elimination
of individuals
with certain
traits.
3
Reproduction
of survivors.
4
Increasing
frequency
of traits that
enhance
survival and
reproductive
success.
Insect-eaters
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
Bud-eater
Seed-eater
Warbler finches
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates
Insect-eaters
Tree finches
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch
Camarhynchus
psittacula
Seed-eaters
Ground finches
Cactus-flowereaters
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus
parvulus
Large cactus
ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
Methods of Science
Qualitative Methods
Jane Goodall and chimpanzees