Transcript Marine Birds - Kellam High School Oceanography Main Menu

Birds Birds and more Birds
All about marine birds
What do you know?
Bird Facts
Beak Variation and Uses
Prey Capture methods
Habitats and Flyways
Wetlands and Birds
Birds , Birds and More Birds
Fun Facts
Endangered Birds
Quiz
7/17/2015
BALD EAGLE
Endangered
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about Marine Birds
NOT GRADED
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1. What makes birds able to
fly?
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Hollow Bones
and
Aerodynamics (wing Design)
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2. Bird Beak shapes are based
on____________?
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Feeding style
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3. What birds are capable of
diving head first into the
ocean?
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Comorants, petrels, penguins
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4. Marine birds typically eat
______________?
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Fish, shrimp and crustaceans
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5. Name an endangered Bird
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Whooping crane. Bald eagle
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6. Name an extinct bird
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Passenger pigeon
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7. What organisms would eat
marine birds?
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Large fish, sharks turtles and
killer whales
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8. What area in Virginia Beach
is a part of the Eastern
Flyway?
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The Back Bay National Wildlife
Refuge in Sandbridge
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9. Other than natural
predators what factors pose
the greatest dangers for
Marine Bird survival?
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Water pollution, oil pollution,
excessive hunting and
introduction of non native
predators.
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10. Name four common
Marine Birds in our area.
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Seagulls, Cormorants. Osprey,
Ducks, Eagles, Egrets, and
Herons
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Everything you ever wanted to know about
marine birds and more
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All birds have similar
characteristics.
But many water birds
have features that
are different from
those birds live on
land.
Webbed
feet for
swimming
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Long legs are good for wading
These wings act as flippers
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How do birds fly
Birds use a combination of light weight
bones, wing design, feather design and
rapid wing movement to lift their bodies
from the ground into the air.
Once airborne the aerodynamics of their
body, wings and tail allow them to fly
and glide for hours without landing
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Note: Camber, angle of attack, creation of lift
and drag.
The same principle that enables an
airplane wing to stay aloft permits a
bird wing to stay aloft.
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Separation of feathers produces extra
drag, similar to wing flaps on airplane.
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A bird’s bones are light but very
strong. Interior supports are called
struts (same as in airplanes).
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Flying creatures, particularly birds, have
played an immensely important role in
inspiring the development of Aviation.
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Birds that can float
Birds who can
float on water
are likely to live
near oceans,
lakes or rivers.
Geese are an
example of such
a bird.
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Marine Birds
All reproduce on land.
Marine birds have a large extrarenal pair of salt
glands external to the skull, producing a
concentrated solution of Salt.
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Beak Variation and Uses
Pelican
How a beak is shaped
indicates how a bird
feeds and what it
feeds on
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Seabirds
Beak Shape “A type”
Have a short, hooked beak
used for holding and tearing prey too
large to be eaten whole
Examples
– Petrels, shearwaters,
albatrosses
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Seabirds
Beak Shape “B Type”
Have a short, streamlined beak
for grabbing prey, usually to
ingest it whole
Examples
– Penguins, razorbills
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Seabirds
Beak Shape “C Type”
Has a straight, narrow beak
Used by plunge divers – does not
interfere with dive
Examples
– Boobies, terns
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Seabirds
Beak Shape “D Type”
Has elongated lower beak
Used for feeding while flying
Example - Skimmers
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How birds capture food
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Seabirds
Prey Capture
Aerial pursuit
Used to chase
other birds
and harass them into dropping their
prey
Example – Jaegers, frigate birds
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Seabirds
Diving
Birds
Prey Capture
Surface plunging
Diving to capture prey
near the surface
Examples
– Pelicans, boobies
Diving Birds
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Seabirds
Prey Capture
Dipping
Food is
captured
near the
surface
Example
– Gulls
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seabirds
Prey Capture
Pattering
“Walk” along surface,
grabbing nearsurface prey
Examples
Storm petrels
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seabirds
Prey Capture
Pursuit plunging
Shallow dive
with some
pursuit of
prey
underwater
Example –
Shearwaters
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seabirds
Prey Capture
Pursuit diving with
wings
Pursue prey
underwater
using wings to
swim
Examples –
Penguins,
puffins
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seabirds
Prey Capture
Pursuit diving with
feet
Pursue prey
underwater
using wings
to swim
Ex – Cormorants
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Diverse Habitats
Birds have
adapted to live
in many places.
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Nesting success might vary between the
habitats
because of differences in:
predator densities
competition for nest sites and
territories
nesting experience of inhabitants
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Migratory Birds
• major flyways
cross national
boundaries;
• managing
populations of
migratory birds
requires
multinational
efforts to
protect habitats
along flyways.
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Estuaries & Coastal Wetlands
Importance:
•nutrient rich
•high primary
productivity
•nurseries for fish
& other aquatic
animals
•breeding areas
for waterfowl &
shorebirds
•filter water
pollutants
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Estuaries & Coastal Wetlands
Human Impacts:
•world has lost over half of its estuaries &
coastal wetlands
•percentage lost in U.S. higher; most lost to
coastal development
•degradation due to urban runoff, sewage
effluent, sediment & chemical runoff from
agricultural lands
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These are whooping cranes who live in
wetlands. They are endangered
because of habitat loss. They need the
marshy areas to provide protection to
the nests they make.
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“Wading Bird Nesting is an Index
to Wetland Ecosystem Integrity”
Numbers of White Ibis nests
have
decreased 87%, numbers of
Wood Stork
nests have decreased 78%,
while nests of
the Great Egret nests have
increased (competition??)
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Marine Birds
Herring Gull
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osprey
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Wood stork
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Wings tucked
into body while
submerged
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Diving Duck
Hooded Merganser
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Cormorant
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Black Skimmer
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pelican
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Herring gull
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Black backed gull
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Black Guillemot
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petrel
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albatross
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What is the bill shape?
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Pallas Cormorant
Canary Islands Oystercatcher
Auckland Islands Merganser
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The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle have
phenomenal eyesight and are extraordinary
divers, swooping down on their prey from a
high altitude and grasping them in their
talons.
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Flightless Birds
Not all of them can fly.
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Penguins cannot fly!
But they are great
divers using their
wings as flippers
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The albatross or “Gooney Bird” has trouble
taking off and landing, but soars
magnificently over vast stretches of water
with enormous endurance.
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Species Extinction
Local extinction:
Extinction in that locale , but not everywhere
Biological extinction:
Biological extinction is forever and is an
irreversible loss of a unique gene pool that took
millions of years to produce.
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endangered
Bonin
Night Heron
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Bald Eagles are endangered due to pesticides
making eggs infertile
Birds and mammals account for a small
amount of the bald eagle diet, but are the
source of much of the bald eagles’ pesticide
exposure.
Osprey do not feed on tertiary consumers
such as fish-eating birds and sea mammals
– this results in lower pesticide
concentrations.
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Whooping crane
comeback
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Captive breeding
programs, such
as this one at the
Patuxent
Environmental
Science Center
in Laurel,
Maryland, have
allowed
endangered
whooping cranes
to make a
remarkable
comeback.
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The Passenger Pigeon Gone Forever
The Passenger Pigeon, once the most
numerous bird species on the planet, lived in
the primary forests that once covered North
America.
Total populations reached 5 billion individuals
which was 40% of the total number of birds in
North America.
This may be the only species for which the
exact time of extinction is known.
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The Passenger Pigeon Gone Forever
Uncontrolled commercial hunting
lead to its extinction
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Sustaining (Wild) Species
Gone forever
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Cattle Egret
Introduced species from Africa
Benefits: It associates with cattle, eating the
insects that they stir up. Many of the insects
they eat are considered pest species.
This species is an example of how human
societies have actually helped species, by
having cattle farms, rather than harming them.
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Cattle Egret
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Current Crisis of
Depletion & Extinction
Current global extinction rate of species is
100 – 1,000 times than natural background
extinction rate.
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Species that are under thread of extinction
•34% of fish
•25% of amphibians
•12% of birds
•24% of mammals
•20% of reptiles
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•14% of plants
The state of
US Species Diversity
1%
Probably extinct
Our road to
extinction
7%
Critically
endangered
67%
Secure or
apparently
secure
8%
Endangered
16%
Vulnerable
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1% Other
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Endangered and Threatened
Species
Endangered species has so few individual
survivors that the species could soon become
extinct.
Almost 30,000 of the word’s species (1.200 in
US) are officially listed as being in danger of
becoming extinct.
Threatened (vulnerable) species is still abundant,
but is declining in numbers & likely to become
endangered.
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Human caused Extinction
of over 600 known species
passenger
pigeon
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great
awk
dodo
bushy
seaside
sparrow
Aepyornis
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Threatened & Endangered Species
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Threatened & Endangered Species
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Threatened & Endangered Species
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Poaching for animal products such as
ivory or Rhinoceros horns works only
if there is a demand
Rhinoceros horns
Elephant with ivory tusk
removed and left to die
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Wildlife Management
 Laws regulating hunting and fishing
 Harvest quotas
 Population management plants
 Improving habitat
 Treaties and laws for migrating species
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Conclusions
 It is much cheaper and more beneficial to
protect ecosystems and animals before they
are degraded than to try and restore them
afterward.
 Species may be lost before the restoration
begins, and it may not be possible to fully
restore any given ecosystem.
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Marine Birds
Click on Pelican to return to main CD Selection
Menu ~ Click anywhere else to go to Quiz
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How well did you pay
attention?
Teacher
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1. What makes birds able to
fly?
7/17/2015
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2. Bird Beak shapes are based
on____________?
7/17/2015
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3. What birds are capable of
diving head first into the
ocean?
7/17/2015
102
4. Marine birds typically eat
______________?
7/17/2015
103
5. Name an endangered Bird
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6. Name an extinct bird
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7. What organisms would eat
marine birds?
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8. What area in Virginia Beach
is a part of the Eastern
Flyway?
7/17/2015
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9. Other than natural
predators what factors pose
the greatest dangers for
Marine Bird survival?
7/17/2015
108
10. Name four common
Marine Birds in our area.
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109