Transcript Slide 1

Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton
Recorder Survey:
A Southern Ocean Monitoring System
Graham Hosie &
SCAR CPR Action Group
Major Regime Shifts
1980’s
Late 1980’s
1976/77
1998/99
1972 &
1998
1989/90
1. Climatic regime shift
2. Marine ecosystem regime shift
Andrew Bakun 1996
Invasion of
Mnemiopsis
1999
1998
Antarctic region perhaps more sensitive and vulnerable change
• Global warming – in favour of temperature tolerant species
• Sea ice reduction – decline in sea ice biota
• Increase in CO2 – calcite and aragonite desaturation
• Increased UV exposure
• Harvesting Impact – imbalance in species composition
• Invasive species
SO-CPR Survey: Purpose
 Map the biodiversity and distribution of zooplankton,
including euphausiid (krill) life stages, in the
Southern Ocean.
 Use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental
change as early warning indicators of the health of
Southern Ocean, by studying spatial-temporal
variation in plankton patterns.
 Serve as reference on the general status of the
Southern Ocean for other monitoring programs
– eg CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program C-EMP
CCAMLR – Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
SO-CPR Survey: Collaboration
 Australia (AAD) commenced project in 1991
 Japan (NIPR) joined in 1999
– TUMSAT - 2003
 Germany (AWI) – 2004
 New Zealand (NIWA) -2006
 Great Britain (BAS & SAHFOS)
– Test tows in 2005-06
 New LSSSG Action Group 2006
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water & Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
Water and plankton enter through small aperture into the
collecting tunnel
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water & Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
Plankton are trapped on the collecting silk as it passes
across the tunnel
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water & Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
The collecting silk is then covered by another silk before
rolling into the Preservation Tank
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water & Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
The mechanism is driven by water passing over the propeller
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Propeller
Cover Silk
Gear Box
Preservation Tank
Water & Plankton
Water Exit
Collecting Silk 270µm
CPR is towed horizontally at about 10 m depth, 100 m directly behind ship
Regardless of ship speed, silk advances at 1 cm for every 1 nautical mile
5m = ~450 nmile tow
5 cm = ~ 5 n miles
CPR Data Base
Zooplankton Data
Spp composition
& abundance per 5 n mile
Splicing
program
Underway Data
GPS,T°, S‰, Fluorometer,
Light per 1 minute
GIS
Database
Environmental data collected during CPR tows
Sea-water temperature
Salinity/conductivity
Common set for all vessels
Fluorometry
Light - Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Solar Radiation
UV, UVB
Wind Speed & Direction
Barometric pressure
Optical Plankton Counter
Hydroacoustics - 12, 38, 120, 200 khz
Satellite data - SeaWiFS
Database description
•
•
•
•
>14,000 records in data base – April 2004
>16,500 records by August 2006 –April 2005
+ ~3,700 samples collected 2005-06
Records are 5 nautical miles segments
– >200 zooplankton taxa + euphausiid
developmental stages
– Geocoded and time-stamped
– Environmental data averaged over the length
of the record
Access to data
• Use of the data is encouraged
• Submit request to administrators - [email protected]
– use of the data
– method of analysis
– likely output of results
• Partial of full data set supplied
– Avoid conflict/duplication of analysis
– Student involvement
– Opportunity to enhance analysis
• Website established
– http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/index.cfm
– Link from SCAR
> 100,000 nautical
miles of data have
been collected since 1991
This represents more
than 20,000 samples, 200+
taxa +environmental data
The Survey covers
>70 % of the
Southern Ocean
October to April
Approximately
40-50 tows each year
>3,000 samples p.a.
5 n-mile resolution
Current projected
Continuous Plankton Recorder
tracks for CAML
Japan
Japan
Japan
New Zealand
Germany
20,000+ n miles
4,000 plankton samples
At 5 n mile resolution
Korea
UK, Brasil
Summary of Tows
J A S O N D J F M A M Nautical Miles
1990-01
1992-93
1993-94
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2000-06
Total
*Estimated
1087
481
342
459
1525
7735
3269
10518
10472
13209
10460
10838
12219
18300*
100,914
40ºS
Lower abundance - different species
Hobart
50ºS
SAF
Polar Frontal Zone
Cyclopoid copepods
Small calanoid copepods
Small euphausiids
Forams
Appendicularians
STF
PF
Antarctic Zone
#
Higher diversity, very high abundances
SACCF
60ºS
Bdy
Sea-ice Zone
Lower diversity, very low abundances
#
Casey
#
Davis
STF – Sub-Tropical Front, SAF – Sub-Antarctic Front, PF – Polar Front,
SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, Bdy – southern boundary of ACC
160ºE
150ºE
140ºE
130ºE
120ºE
110ºE
100ºE
70ºS
90ºE
80ºE
#
70ºE
60ºE
Mawson
Oikopleura spp
Euphausia superba
Total Abundance
January 1998 Temperature
1000
12.00
Sea Ice Zone
10.00
800
8.00
700
600
6.00
500
4.00
400
300
Temperature
Zooplankton per segment
900
2.00
200
0.00
Hobart
52 S
54 S
56 S
456
443
430
417
404
391
378
365
352
339
326
313
300
287
274
261
248
235
209
222
58 S
-2.00
66 55S 64 44E
Segment
49 21S 130 39E
50 S
196
183
170
157
144
131
118
105
92
79
66
53
40
27
14
0
1
100
60 S
62 S
64 S
66 S
Mawson
Southern ecotone
40ºS
Hobart
50ºS
#
16-Jan-02
10-Jan-03
1-Oct-97
10-Dec-00
9-Jan-01
9-Apr-97
#
17-Feb-98
29-Jan-00
#
13-Jan-00 #
# #
28-Feb-02 #
# # #
#
# 2-Mar-01
4-Dec-97
# #
#
#
#
9-Feb-00
3-Feb-98
#
4-Feb-02
19-Mar-99
18-Mar-01
#
60ºS
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
19-Apr-97
#
SACCF
12-Jan-98
##
#
#
#
12-Mar-00
10-Mar-00
#
Casey
#
Davis
SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front
160ºE
150ºE
140ºE
130ºE
120ºE
110ºE
100ºE
70ºS
90ºE
80ºE
#
70ºE
60ºE
Mawson
-4
7.
00
-4
9.
00
-5
1.
00
SAF-S SAF-N
-5
3.
00
PF-N
-5
5.
00
-5
7.
00
-5
9.
00
-6
1.
00
-6
3.
00
-6
5.
00
-6
7.
00
SST ( oC)
SB SF-S SF-N PF-S
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
-2.00
Latitude
Cluster 2 Cluster 5
Cluster 1
Cluster 3
1unique
species
3 unique
species
Dumont d’Urville
Cluster 4Cluster 6
9 unique
species
Hobart
POOZ- Inter-annual variation species composition
0.6
0.5
• Cluster groups identified
but high degree of
similarity between groups
61-84%
• Little variation in species
composition between
years
• Increase in dissimilarity
would be indicative of
major change
January samples 2002
0.4
0.3
1998
Dimension 2
0.2
0.1
2004
0.0
2001
-0.1
1998
-0.2
2003
2003
2000
-0.3
2000
2001
-0.4
2002
2004
-0.5
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
Dim ension 1
1.0
1.5
2.0
10
15
20
25
Linkage Distance
30
35
40
SIZ - Inter-annual variation species composition
0.20
1991
2003
0.15
2001
0.10
2004
Dimension 2
0.05
1
0.00
2000
1998
-0.05
2
-0.10
-0.15
2002
-0.20
-0.25
-1.4
1993
-1.2
-1.0
2000
2003
2002
2004
January samples
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
Dim ension 1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
• Two distinct groups with
very low similarity - 10%
• Group 1 –
low abundances, low
diversity, T. macrura and
E. superba dominant (SIZ
species)
• Group 2 –
higher abundance &
diversity, Oithona, small
calanoids, forams,
1991
appendicularians
1998
2001
dominant (POOZ group)
1993
1.0
1.2
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Linkage Distance
Conclusions
• Permanent Open Ocean Zone
– Less variation in species composition - stable
– Much higher abundances and diversity
– Any change indicative of potential major change in the
ecosystem
• Sea-Ice Zone
–
–
–
–
–
Greater variation
More sensitive to change – Hunt & Hosie (in press) DSR I
Very low species abundance and diversity – increased noise
Change occurred around 2000
Oscillating patterns vs long-term regime shifts
Future Monitoring
• CPR can readily distinguish
–
–
–
–
Regional
Seasonal
Annual variation in plankton patterns, and eventually
Long term patterns
• The SO-CPR Survey is well positioned to provide early
detection of any change in the Southern Ocean
ecosystems
– Distinguish natural patterns from environmental/climatic forcing
perturbation