Transcript Ecology Notes - Rochester Century High School

Ecology Notes
Can’t we all just get along?
Chapter 2
• Biosphere-All areas that sustain life
•
• Biotic Factors-living factors
•
• Abiotic Factors-non living factors
•
Organization Revisited
8.Population (interbreeding species)
9.Biological Community (all species in a
given area that depend on each other)
10.Ecosystem All biotic and abiotic factors
in the community
11.Biome: Areas of similar climatic
conditions
12.Biosphere: All areas that sustain life
Communities
Ex: Pond Community:
Habitat: The place where a plant or animal
lives.
Example: Squirrel lives in several different
trees in the forest, skunk lives in a single
hollow log.
Niche: An organisms role in the
community.
Example: Most green plants convert sunlight into
energy and release oxygen. Other animals are
dependent on the plants for survival. VERY
important.
Community Interactions
• Competition refers two organisms or species
•
competing for some limiting resource.
be food or nutrients, space, mates, nesting sites
A lion fending off a hyena
for food.
Predation
• A predator is an animal or other
organism that hunts and kills other
organisms, called prey, for food in an act
called predation.
OUCH!!!!
Symbiosis
The living together of two different organisms
Neutral
• Not taking part or giving assistance when
it comes to organisms living together.
• Gets along with other organisms, but do
not give assistance to life in any way
Commensalisms
• A symbiotic relationship between two
organisms of different species one benefits
the other is unaffected.
• Remora’s attaching to a shark
Barnacles on a whale
Birds on a cow
Mutualism
• An interaction between two or more
species in which both species benefit from
the other.
Acacia Tree – Ants live in the horns
and bring nutrients to the tree while the
tree gives them protection off the
ground.
Parasitism
• A symbiotic relationship in which one
organism lives off of the other organism,
but does not kill it.
– Parasites (mosquitoes & Head Lice)
Energy in an Ecosystem
• Autotroph• Organisms that can make their own food for energy from
the sun (Plants and some protists and bacteria)
• Heterotroph
• obtain energy from other sources
Energy in an Ecosystem
• Herbivore :
• organisms that eat plants almost exclusively
• Carnivore
• organisms that eat other organisms almost
exclusively
Energy in an Ecosystem
• Omnivore:
• can utilize both plants, animals and other
organisms as energy sources
Energy in an Ecosystem
• Detritivores:
• break down dead and decaying materials
for energy
• The figure below shows a simple food chain for land
production.
• 1) How much solar energy does a vegetarian utilize
when eating 1,000 calories of plant material? Use the
information from the figure to calculate this.
• 2) How much solar energy (in calories) does a meat
eating person utilize when eating 1000 calories of
meat? Use the diagram above to make your
determination. The numbers below each figure are the
number of calories stored at each trophic level.
Food Web= The path that energy moves
along from one trophic level to the next
and back again in a complex fashion.
Grassland Food Web
Ecological Pyramids
Primary Producers :
Plants, Algae, Protists
Consumers:
Anything that uses producers for
energy
Decomposer
Break down dead material
Biochemical Cycles
• The physical parts of the ecosystems cycle constantly.
• water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus pass from
nonliving environments to living organisms, and back to
nonliving environments.
• These paths form closed circles, or cycles, called
biogeochemical cycles.
• biogeochemical cycle, a pathway forms when a
substance enters living organisms such as trees from the
atmosphere, water, or soil; stays for a time in the living
organism; then returns to the nonliving environment.
The Water Cycle, Draw This
The Water Cycle,
• Water Shed: an area where
rainwater, snow, and ice
converge on a single point.
• Condensation: when water
vapor is cooled it becomes
a liquid
• Precipitation When enough
liquid accumulates in the
atmosphere, it falls back to
earth. As precipitation or
rain
The Water Cycle,
• In the living portion of the water
cycle, much water is taken up by
the roots of plants.
• Transpiration: After passing
through a plant, the water
moves into the atmosphere by
evaporating from the leaves
The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is an essential
part of both ATP and DNA.
Phosphorus is usually
present in soil and rock as
well as animal wastes
We use this waste as
fertilizer
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
Eutrophication: the
accumulation of
biomass like
phosphorous in water
sheds and basins
causing algae growth
and killing native
plants and organisms
Can be caused by
humans or occur
naturally.
The Carbon Cycle
• In the carbon cycle, carbon atoms may return to the
pool of carbon dioxide in the air and water in three
ways:
1. Photosynthesis: CO2 goes into plants while O2
comes out of plants
2. Respiration Carbon dioxide produced because of
cellular respiration.
3. Combustion Carbon also returns to the atmosphere
through combustion, or burning.
Chapter 41
Carbon Cycle
Section 3 Cycling of Materials
in Ecosystems
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Organisms need nitrogen to build proteins
and nucleic acids.
The Nitrogen Cycle, continued
• The nitrogen cycle is a complex process with four
important stages:
1. Nitrogen Fixation. When bacteria help provide
plants with usable nitrogen
2. Ammonification ammonia is produced by bacteria
during the decay of nitrogen-containing urea.
3. Nitrification is the production of nitrates from
ammonia.
4. Denitrification is the conversion of nitrate to
nitrogen gas.
Population Density
• The total number of
•
individuals living in a
specific area
Example person/km2
Population Distribution
A. Randomly ex. Deer in the woods
B. Clumps ex. Elk on Highway 52 (Before CWD)
C. Uniformly ex. Birds on a wire
Gains and Losses in Population Size
• Immigration- Organisms that move into a
population
• Emigration- Organisms that move out of a
population
• Mortality-similar to death rate; the number
of organisms that have died
• Natality- birth of organisms
• Exponential
Growth: growth that
occurs very rapidly
• Doubling Time:
Amount of time it
takes for a population
to double it’s size
• r-selected life strategy
•
curve
Examples (insects
Biotic Potential
• The rate at which a population could grow
if nothing was holding it back, no limits
• Limiting factors:
1. Space
2. Water
3. Nutrients
4. Shelter
What will happen in the future?
• Density Dependent
Factors:
1. Food
2. Water
3. Disease
4. Waste
Density Independent
1. Light
2. Temperature
3. Weather
Carrying Capacity and K-Selected
Life Strategies
• When populations
•
•
•
birth rate equals the
death rate
K-selected life
strategy
“K” stands for
carrying capacity
Examples “ humans,
whales