Transcript Biology Review Chart

Biology Review Chart
2011-2012
Science Processes
• Compare & Contrast the following terms &
give an example of each:
– Quantitative v. qualitative
– Hypothesis v. theory
• Write a definition for the following terms:
– Inference
– Science
• Explain why scientists need to measure with
accuracy & precision.
• List the steps of the scientific method.
Characteristics of Life
• List the 10 characteristics an
object must possess to be
considered an organism
Ecology
• Define the following terms & give an example
of each:
– Predation
– Parasitism
– Commensalism
– Mutualism
– Competition
• Compare & contrast the following terms:
– Food Chain
– Food Web
• List the levels of ecology.
Ecology (continued)
• Summarize what happens in the two types of
succession.
• Explain logistic growth and what keeps a
population from growing infinitely.
• Draw an energy, biomass, & numbers
pyramid. Include labels for each level.
• Sketch a food chain using the following
organisms: killer whale, phytoplankton, seal,
shrimp, fish. Label producers & consumers.
Biochemistry
• For each type of macromolecule (carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) list the following:
–
–
–
–
Monomers (building blocks)
Examples
Function
How you would identify a diagram of that molecule?
What elements, functional groups or shapes would you
see?
Copy:
• ENZYMES are proteins which act as catalysts. They
speed up reactions in your body by lowering the
activation energy.
• Substrates bind to the active site on enzymes.
• Dehydration synthesis bonds monomers to make
polymers by removing water.
Cells & Cell Parts
• Copy the chart:
Organelle
Function
A RoughER
Makes and transports proteins (highway)
B Centrioles
Aid in Cell Division
C SmoothER
Makes and transports lipids
D Nucleolus
Makes ribosomes
E Nucleus
Control center
F Mitochondria Releases ATP from glucose in respiration
G Golgi
Apparatus
Packages materials into vesicles (UPS)
H Ribosome
Makes proteins
I Cell
Membrane
Controls what comes into or out of cells
Cells & Cell Parts (continued)
• Copy the chart:
Eukaryotic Cell
(WITH NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES)
Plant
Animal
Cell wall
NO Cell wall
Chloroplasts
NO Chloroplasts
Prokaryotic cell
(NO NUCLEUS OR
ORGANELLES)
Bacteria
Cell wall
No membrane
bound organelles or
nucleus
1 Large central
Many small
Vacuole
vacuoles
All contain: cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA
Cell Energy & Transport
• Cell Membrane:
– Function – acts as a selectively permeable boundary
around the cell.
– Structure – composed of a phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins “gates”
• Passive transport (no energy required!)
– List the 3 types of passive transport & briefly
explain.
• Active Transport – requires __________– moves
substances against the concentration gradient
from _____to ______concentrations
Cell Energy & Transport (cont.)
Comparing Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Function
Energy capture
Energy release
Location
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 +O2
Products
C6H12O6 +O2
CO2 + H2O
Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -->C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O +energy
• ATP Molecule
(A) adenosine (B) ribose (C/D) phosphate
– ATP is the energy molecule
made from cell respiration.
– Energy is release when a phosphate group is released.
Cell Cycle & Division
• The cell cycle is important to the growth of organisms
because it allows for growth from a single, fertilized
egg & also repair of the organism.
• Interphase- G1, S, & G2; resting stage
• Prophase- preparation phase
• Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle
• Anaphase- chromosome separate & move away to the
poles
• Telophase- two new daughter cells produced
• The cell cycle can lead to cancer if disrupted.
Cell Cycle & Division (continued)
• Draw & label the diagram
DNA Structure & Replication
• Building blocks of DNA- ___________________
– Contain ______________ sugar
– _______________
– A __________ base
• Shape of DNA molecule- ___________ _________
• Discovered by _________ & _________
• ________ made the observation that in each organism,
the amount of adenine equaled thymine, and the
amount of guanine equaled cytosine.
• Base pairing rule states adenine pairs with _______ &
guanine goes with _________.
• Bonds
– Between sugar & phosphate= ______________
– Between nitrogen bases= __________________
DNA Structure & Replication (continued)
• The process of making a copy of DNA is
_______________
• Simplified Steps of Replication:
1. DNA double helix ______________.
2. An enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between the bases. The
name for this process is called _________________.
3. DNA Polymerase enzyme brings _______ _____________
to attach to the exposed bases.
4. Two identical double helixes are complete.
• Write the strand that would be formed if the DNA
template read C A T T A G G G A.
Protein Synthesis
TRANSCRIPTION
1. Helicase: unwinds DNA helix
2. RNA Polymerase: finds and matches RNA
nucleotides to DNA.
*64 different codons, but only 20 amino acids.
DNA to mRNA
A to U
T to A
G to C
C to G
TRANSLATION
1. A codon is a (messenger) mRNA nucleotide triplet. (ex.
AUG)
2. The order of bases in a codon determines an amino acid.
3. Transfer RNA or tRNA , carries amino acids to the
ribosome.
4. The tRNA has an anticodon, which is a three nucleotide
sequence, which are complementary to mRNA codons.
Protein Synthesis (continued)
Transcribe: TAC TTT ATC
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
Translate:
___ ___ ___
DNA
AAAARGH!!!
mRNA
Amino Acid
tRNA
MUTATIONS- Random alterations in DNA
• Point Mutation – a single base is changed to another
AUG AAA UAG
AUG AAG UAG Neutral mutation (AAA & AAG are both lysine)
• Frameshift – a deletion or addition of a base that may
significantly change the function of a protein. This changes
every codon after the deletion or insertion.
AUG AAA UAG
AUG AAU AG
Mendelian Genetics
• Define the following terms:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gregor Mendel
Gene
Allele
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
Gamete
Dominant
Recessive
• A man who is heterozygous for free earlobes marries a
woman who has attached earlobes. Free ears=E
attached=e What would be the genotypic ratio for their
offsping? (Draw Punnett square!)
Mendelian Genetics (continued)
• Practice the FOIL method to determine the
possible gamete combinations for the
following parental genotypes.
-RrYy= _____
-FFBb= ______
-ttGG=______
• Work out the genotype ratio for the cross
between 2 parents who are RrYy & RrYY.
Non-mendelian Genetics
• Incomplete Dominance: There is no dominant or recessive,
the heterozygous condition results in a "blending" of the
two traits.
• Codominance: Both alleles in the heterozygote express
themselves fully.
• Multiple Alleles: A gene that has more than two possible
alleles, though only two alleles are present at a time. Ex.
Blood types
Solve the Punnett Squares:
• Black and White alleles are co-dominant and create
speckled offspring. What would be the phenotype ratio of
the cross between two speckled chickens? B= Black, W =
White, BW = Speckled
• Hemophilia is a sex linked characteristic. A normal woman
who is not a carrier for hemophilia marries a man with
hemophilia. The couple are expecting a baby boy. What is
the percent chance that the boy will have hemophilia?
Non-mendelian Genetics (cont.)
• A ________ is a picture of the chromosomes that an individual
has. It shows the ______of the person with XX being a ____and
XY being a ___. It can also show genetic abnormalities. A
normal human will have __ chromosomes or ___ pairs.
• A _________chart shows the relationship within a family of a
single trait.
– In a pedigree, squares represent: _________
– In a pedigree, circles represent: _________
– In a pedigree, roman numerals represent: _______________
Evolution
• Evolution - change in an organism over time
• Vestigal Organ - organ that serves no useful function in an organism
• Natural Selection -concept in which only those organisms best
suited to the environment get to survive; survival of the fittest
• Homologous Structure -structures that have different mature forms
in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
• Common Descent - principle that all living things have a common
ancestor
• Theory- well supported testable explanation that unifies a broad
range of observations
• Adaptation - inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s
chance of survival
• Descent with Modification - principle that each living species has
descended, with changes, from other species over time
Evolution (continued)
• Fitness- ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in
its environment
• Speciation - formation of a new species
The Scientists:
Hutton The earth was millions not thousands of years old.
• ______:
Malthus
• _________:
If pop’s grow unchecked, sooner or later they
will run out of resources
• Lamarck
_______: Through the use or disuse of organs, organisms
acquired or lost certain traits in their lifetime
• ______:
Scientists should use current processes to explain
Lyell
past events in geology.
• _______:
Darwin Book titled: “On the Origin of Species”
Considered the father of evolution. Studied in Galapagos
Islands
Taxonomy
• __________- the field of Biology that identifies and
classifies organisms.
• _____ ______: “two-word” naming system used to
identify organisms.
• Scientific Name -consists of a _____name and a
______name.
– Write homo sapiens in the correct format.
• _________-Developed the classification system in mid 1700’s.
• List the Levels of Classification
• Phylogeny- evolutionary relationships among organisms
• __________-A tool used for identifying organisms by
using specific observable traits of the organism.
Kingdoms
• Fill out the chart below
Archaebacteria
& Eubacteria
Multi- or
Unicellular
Pro- or
Eukaryotic
Auto- or
heterotrophic
Cell wall or no
cell wall
Protista
Fungi
Plantae Animalia
Viruses
• Viruses- microscopic particles that invade cells and
destroy them.
-A virus is NOT a cell and is NOT living.
-Made of genetic material in a protein coat
• Two Main Parts: Genetic Material & Protein Coat- Also
called a capsid (encloses the viral genome)
• Not living because they:
–
–
–
–
have no cells
can’t use energy
can’t make proteins
can’t reproduce on their own
Viruses (continued)
Basic Steps of a Viral Infection
1.
A________ to host
2.
I________ viral DNA or RNA
3.
M_______ viral parts within host cell
4.
A________ viral genome inside protein coat
5.
R________ virus from ruptured cell
_______ Cycle –new viruses causes the cell to burst (or
“lyses”), releasing newly made viruses that will infect other
cells
_________ Cycle – Viral DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA
and then replicates along with the cell. (does NOT cause the
cell to burst right away)
Viral infections include:
Micro-organisms
Archaebacteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan
Motility w/ flagella
Autotroph or heterotroph
Live in extreme environments
Include methanogens, halophiles
& thermoacidophiles
Protista
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or multicellular
Some w/ cell wall
Motility w/ flagella, cilia or
pseudopods
• Autotroph or heterotroph
Eubacteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Cell wall w/ peptidoglycan
Motility w/ flagella
Autotroph or heterotroph
Live everywhere!
Include coccus, bacillus, and spirilla
shapes.
Fungi
• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular yeast; the rest
multicellular
• cell wall made of chitin
• Non-motile
• Heterotroph
Micro-organisms (continued)
• Bacteria reproduce in 3 ways:
– Binary Fission, Conjugation, Spore Formation
• Importance of Bacteria: Decomposers, Nitrogen
Fixation, Photosynthesis, Oil spill clean up, Digestion
aid and vitamin production, Foods-cheese and yogurt,
Cause disease- Tuberculosis, Strep throat
• Importance of Fungi: antibiotics (penicillin), Eatenbleu cheese, baking – yeast, diseases include ring
worm and athletes foot. attack and destroy crops
• Three types of Protists- animal like, plant like, fungus
like