Transcript Predicting and monitoring the spread of marine invasive

Invasive Tracers:
CSI MISMO
Predicting and monitoring the spread
of marine invasive species:
Development of approaches and
application to the green crab (Carcinus
maenas) and shore crab (Hemigraspus
sanguineus)
Outline
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Background on Invasive Species
• Created by invasion biologist:
Dr. Anthony Ricciardi of the Department of Biology of
McGill University and the Redpath Museum
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Biology of the Crabs
Importance of Marine systems for invasion and
modeling.
Objectives
Research questions
Spread & Monitoring Network
Take Home Messages
What is an ‘exotic species’?
=
non-indigenous species
alien species
non-native species
introduced species
= a species introduced to a region
beyond the range in which it evolved
(i.e. beyond its ‘native range’).
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
When does an introduced species
become an invader?
An introduced species has invaded when
it establishes a self-sustaining population.
Biological Invasion
= the establishment of a species into
a region beyond its natural range.
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
Biological invasion: the establishment of
a species outside of its natural range.
Geographic
(or physiological) barrier
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
What is an ‘invasive’ species?
An introduced species that spreads rapidly.
Note:
• ‘Invasive’ is a relative term.
• Most introduced species are not invasive.
• A species may be invasive in some regions
but not others.
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
Barriers to the establishment of an exotic species
Donor region
Geographic barrier
Physiological barrier
Demographic resistance
Biotic resistance
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from
Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
Recipient region
What is Invasion Ecology?
The study of the causes & consequences
of biological invasions.
• examines factors that influence establishment,
spread, and impact of introduced species.
• a multidiscplinary science that combines
elements from
multiple fields of study (e.g. community ecology,
population biology, biogeography, evolution,
genetics, conservation biology)
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
Biological Invasions are a form of
anthropogenic global change.
1. Invasions are occurring at
unprecedented rates & spatial scales.
2. Virtually all of these are the result of
human activities.
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
“Natural” Invasions
• rare on human time scales.
• occur over small spatial scales
• require the removal of either:
Frequency
= invasions without human influence.
Human-mediated
invasions
Natural
invasions
(1) a geographic barrier i.e. the creation of dispersal corridors Spatial scale
through glacial retreat, continental drift, or
chance events.
OR
(2) a physiological barrier e.g. a thermal barrier removed by climate change.
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
Rate of invasion in the Baltic Sea
60
50
40
30
20
10
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of
Species Invasions (BIOL540, McGill University)
2000
1975
1950
1925
1900
1875
1850
0
1825
Cumulative number
of invaders
70
Year
Cohen & Carlton (1998)
Rate of invasion in San Francisco Bay
200
150
100
50
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of
Species Invasions (BIOL540, McGill University)
1990
1970
1950
1930
1910
1890
1870
0
1850
Cumulative number
of invaders
250
Year
Cohen & Carlton (1998)
Cumulative Number
of Invaders
Rate of invasion of marine coastal waters
of North America
Time (Years since 1790)
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of
Species Invasions (BIOL540, McGill University)
Ruiz et al. (2000)
Rates of species invasion in Hawaii
Prior to human
settlement:
1 per 30,000 yrs (i.e. 0.00003/yr)
After human
settlement:
1 per 50 yrs (i.e. 0.5/yr)
Recently (during
the past century):
1 every 3 weeks (i.e. 20/yr)
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of
Species Invasions (BIOL540, McGill University)
Data from Loope et al. (1988)
Why study invasions?
1. To understand how humans affect the
distribution & abundance of other species.
2. Invasions are altering ecosystems worldwide.
3. Invasions are a major cause of extinctions.
4. Invasions impact multiple aspects of society
(e.g. natural resources, technological systems,
regional economies, human health).
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions
(BIOL540, McGill University)
Elton (1958) • first book to examine the
phenomenon.
• identified invasions as a
threat to the world’s distinct
faunal realms.
• examined factors that
promote or inhibit invasions.
• proposed hypotheses that
are still being tested today.
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of
Species Invasions (BIOL540, McGill University)
Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species
Invasions (BIOL540, McGill University)
2002
1998
1994
1990
1986
1982
1978
1974
1970
1966
1962
10
5
0
1958
30
25
20
15
1954
Number of Books
Number of invasion books published since 1954
Simberloff (2004)
Importance of Marine Systems
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Composed of many heavily invaded
ecosystems
• Estuaries
• Rocky coasts
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Important for economics yields
• Fishing
• Lobsters
• Shellfish
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Understudied
Biology and importance of
European Green Crab (C. maenas)
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Economic damage by consuming:
Ecological damage by outcompeting,
displacing: Native Crabs
Environmental tolerances to abiotic factors
• Temperature: 22 to –1˚C
• Salinity 54 to 4 ppt (great osmo-regulator)
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Therefore due to its wide tolerances:
Green crab is a generalist and an
omnivore (eats almost anything!).
Green crab = Carcinus maenas
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Native: Atlantic coasts of
Europe
• Europe and northern
Africa
Invaded Areas: Australia,
South Africa & both coasts of
North America
Importance:
Fecundity 185,000 to 250,000
eggs each brood and more
than 1 a year!
• Long temporal record (187
years)
• Discovered in 1817 in New
Jersey
• Lack of quantitative record
and completeness
http://cars.er.usgs.gov/posters/Nonindigenous/Nonindigenous_Crustaceans/nonindigenous_crustaceans.html
Biology of Hemigrapsus
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Range:
• Covers Portland, Maine to
North Carolina and
spreading!
• Habitat: Rocky &
cobblestone beaches
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Invaded New Jersey in
1987
Short temporal but
quantitative record
Fecundity: 50,000 eggs
per brood
• 4 to 5 broods in a single
breeding season
http://cars.er.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/Asian_shore_crab/asian_shore_
crab.html
How did it get to all these places?
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Unintentional Vectors:
• Ballast water transport of larvae form
• With live food trade of oysters and
lobsters or bait
• Research use
• Released pets
• Secondary dispersal by currents
Green Vs. Asian Crab Duration
of Data
.
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Green crab has a
longer temporal and
spatial record but
gaps in each
Asian shore crabs has
shorter temporal
record but less gaps
www.calacademy.org/
Together, they offer a
chance to create the
first marine specific
model.
http://www.iisgcp.org/EXOTICSP/images/Japanese_shore_crab/hiraiso
Importance of the Project
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Species spread is a central themes in
invasion biology
Managing invasive species with
scarce resources by prioritization.
Identify which areas are most at risk
of becoming invaded
Early detection has been shown to
increase chances of eradication of
invasive species
Objectives
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To forecast the spread of marine
aquatic invaders
To determine the best approach to
monitoring invasive species
To develop a long term volunteer
monitoring network.
Questions
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Is an invader absent in a location, or have we simply not
observed it (in terms of probability)?
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What is the effect of control (e.g., the removal of
individuals) on the rate of spread?
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How effective/reliable is a volunteer monitoring network?
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Where will Hemigraspus spread?
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What is the optimal monitoring strategy?
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How sensitive is the spread model to life history
parameters? To what extent can we extrapolate directly to
other species (i.e., putting bounds on parameters)?
Current Modeling
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Ecological forecasting has been done
for terrestrial systems using:
Aquatic System: Yes for the fresh
water aquatic invasive Zebra Mussels
Marine: Only applied terrestrial
models that overestimate spread of
MIS
General Methodology for Spread
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To forecast invasions we will merge:
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continuous spread models
discrete ecological spread models (human)
population dynamics
GIS
Oceanographic models (currents, temp, S)
Target organism expanded to any
planktonically dispersed organisms
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mollusks, fish, echinoderms, and other crustaceans
Current Models
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Ecological forecasting has been done for
terrestrial systems using:
• Analytic models
• reaction-diffusion
• integro-difference models
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Pro: Can characterize dispersal across the entire parameter
space and often provide a simple metric of spread
Con: Do not account for spatial heterogeneity, local
interactions, or stochasticity very well.
• Individual based models that track the movement and
dynamics of each individual
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Aquatic System: Dreissena polymorpha
Marine: Only one attempt..
Marinve Vs. Terrestrial Spread
Rates
(Grosholz, 1996)
Become a Super Sleuth, We need your help!
Please join the network at: www.invasivetracers.com
http://www.sgnis.org/kids/index.html
Who is in the monitoring network?
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The monitoring network will be constructed from
volunteers across diverse groups, ranging from
college and high school students to coastal
communities:
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MIT, Bowdoin College, College of the Atlantic
Elementary and High schools of many coastal states!
New England Aquarium’s Harbor Discoveries program,
College of the Atlantic Summer camp
Acadia Institute of Oceanography
Schooner Sound Learning
The Nature Conservancy
Six communities volunteers around Salem Sound, MA
Participants of Pilot Program
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Time: Commences spring of 2005
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Duration: 2 to 5 years
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Benefits:
• To maximize the amount of human resources
• To maximize the effectiveness of monitoring
MIS
• Volunteer based science a potential solution to
the ever-decreasing funding availability
Model to Forecast Spread
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To predict rate and direction
Components:
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propagule pressure & discrete spread (Shipping Activity)
Abiotic conditions of the receiving environment
Population model
Continuous spread
Large fecundity so cannot use individual based
models
Further, the consequences of currents and their
inter-annual variability, environmental
heterogeneity, density dependence, and
stochasticity
Monitoring is so important!
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Monitoring is composed of 2 components
• Detection (a single crab)
• Abundance
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Best techniques for monitoring depend on
objective, density of crabs in the area, and
the scale of the area (a beach vs. a whole
coast of New England).
That citizen scientists in a regional (even
international) network can provide key
information for invasive monitoring even
in the face of limited funding.
Can you make a difference?
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YES!!!
How?
Do not release your pets into the wild
“Free Willy Syndrome”
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Gold fish in every pond in North America
Lion fish in the Atlantic Coast of North America
Piranhas in the Great Lakes
Bunnies on Lovell’s Island, Boston Harbor
Help scientists detect invasive species in
your ‘hood!
• Early detection increases chance of eradication
Techniques for monitoring
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Quadrat searches
• How many crabs in a
square area of PVC pipe
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Transect Searches
• Walk a vertical line and
collect any crabs that
you fine on that line.
http://www.dal.ca/~cstaicer/Images/
• Better for sites with low marine2/pages/INTERTI&.htm
densities
• Needle (Crab) in a Hay
Stack (Beach)
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Crab Traps
http://www.oberlin.edu/Geopage/Images/Transect.JPG
To help you need to memorize:
Asian Shore Crab
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Asian shore crab have three teeth on
each side of the eye and large claws.
European Green crabs have 5 teeth
on each side of the eye.
How many letter in the word "green"?
5.
How many teeth on each side of the
eye on a European green crab? 5.
The native crabs, jonah and rock
crab, both have 9 teeth and grow
larger than both the invasive crabs.
So if the crab has more than 6 teeth
on each
side of the eye the crab is native.
These two crabs are very hard to
differentiate but that is OK because
they are both native.
European Green Crab
How do you tell if a crab is male or
female?
The male has a thinner abdomen that look looks like light house. The
female has a wider and more circular one that help it hold in hundred
of thousands of eggs. This rule works for other species of crabs!
http://wdfw.wa.gov/fish/ans/greencrab.htm
http://whyfiles.org/160invasive_spec/3.html