Transcript FISH IN THE WATER

FISH IN THE WATER
Fishing is as old as man. It has been practiced
for centuries in rivers, in coastal water and in
lagoons..
Lobster, calamari, white
bream and mullet were
greatly appreciated
already at the time of
the Roman Empire.
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DIVERSIFICATION AND
SPECIALIAZATION OF FISHING
● from demersal to pelagic species
in 1970 2/3 of the world fisheries
was made of pelagic fish
● spread of industrial fishing to
the developing Countries
(Perù, Tailandia,Corea….)
●improvement in the technology
of fishing boats
● facilities on land
●cold chain
● network marketing
● professional qualification
● EEZ ( Exclusive Economic Zone)
●acquaculture development
FISHING IN ITALY
Around ports there are fish
markets and the warehouses
for the storage and the
processing of fish.
FISHING IN ITALY
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45000 FISHERMEN
750000 MT FISHERY
1864 DRAG TO FUND
162 FUND
254 SEINE NETS
850 DREDGES
9575 FISHING CRAFT
17 FLYING TONNARE
33 OCEAN FISHING
WHAT IS CAUGHT IN ITALY ?
The group of the most important fish
species caught in Italy is made of:
• cuttlefish
● clams, hake, sardines, white shrimps
● white and red mullet, swordfish,
cob,mackerel, sea snails, albacore
tuna, shrimp, red tuna, red mullet,
octopus musk;
● octopus and squid.
FISHING AND SEA MARKET IN ITALY
AND IN LAZIO
Italy, though a peninsula with a
strong seafaring tradition, wet for
nearly 8,000 km by the sea, rich in
fresh water ponds, is not a major
consumer of fish products
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In recent years the consumption of
fish has increased dramatically but
the demand was mainly satisfied by
imports.
• One reason is the fragmentation of
landing sites (about 800) of
fishery and the abundance of fish
markets that are unable to
concentrate production as a modern
distribution, supplying the location
far from the coast, should do.
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EMPLOYMENT IN LAZIO
• Companies operating small-scale
fisheries are in the form of sole
proprietorship, or more often in the
form of cooperatives.
Fish belongs to that particular
category of activities which are hard
to find personnel to be assigned to
work on board fishing vessels, for
both highly specialized staff that is
required, in terms of titles enabling
navigation,and the various activities
taking place on board
• Not least we must consider the fact
that the job of the fisherman is
viewed as unattractive, hard and
tiring, with respect to young people
entering the labor market.
FISH AND SEA ECONOMY IN ITALY AND
IN LAZIO
The fishing fleet operating
in Lazio is displaced,
under an administrative
point of view, between
the ports of
Civitavecchia, Rome and
Gaeta.
It consists of 650 boats:
more than two hundred
are trawls, the rest
practice small craft
fishing and bivalve
shellfish harvesting.
EMPLOYMENT IN LAZIO
• Directly on the boats are employed:
about 600 people in trawling
almost 900 in the small fishing
• In recent years the number of
immigrants engaged in this field has
greatly increased.
• In some navies, such as those at
Anzio and Fiumicino, this figure
assumes a particular relevance so
important as to be of greater
weight than the number of
employees of Italian origin
Marine food chain
The marine food chain: each species feeds the upper one
Marine food chain
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71% of the Earth's surface is covered by
oceans that are a giant ecosystem. As for
plants and animals on earth, there are also
marine food chains.
Phytoplankton is the single-celled algae
that floats in the oceans, and - like plants is capable of photosynthesis, forming biomass
from carbon dioxide and water with the help
of light and nutrients
Phytoplankton serves as a nutrient for small
animals such as mollusks, called zooplankton.
All the small organisms in water, both plants
and animals make up the plankton and are
food for fish.
Man also is a predator of the marine food
chain and exploits its species through fishing
• In any ecosystem there is a dynamic balance
between the environment and the species that
occupy it, mainly based on trophic relationships.
So fishing can modify this balance…..
…and the effects of overfishing can be
summed as follows:
FISHING IN THE
SEAS TODAY
Since the 1990s, despite improved techniques of
capture and the discovery and exploitation of new sea stocks,
the global fish production has entered a phase of stagnation
with regard to the "on wild fisheries. “
It is unlikely in the near future that the contribution of fisheries
in the sea to the demand for fish products may increase significantly
because most of the fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished.
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The excessive levy on most of the world's fisheries combined with the
failure to comply with the size of reproduction, has resulted in many
areas of biodiversity alteration that causes the phenomenon known as
"fishing down the food web. " In practice, the rarity of the species
"precious" that have a long life cycle and are found in higher levels of the
food chain (meat eaters), makes fishing turn to species placed at lower
levels (herbivores, planctofagi), and shorter life cycle.
• The marketing of species that until recently were regarded as "waste“ is
a clear and tangible sign of this disturbing phenomenon.
• You should never forget that fishing, like all the economic
activities, is affected by market forces but is also subject to
rules of "Mother Nature"
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INTERACTION BETWEEN
FISHERIES AND ENVIRONMENT
A NET FOR EACH FISH: FISHING TECHNIQUES
AND EFFECTS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
TRAWLS
Bottom trawling, introduced in the '60s is responsible
for the 60-80% of the fish caught in the
Mediterranean and all over the world.
It can be done by net in the form of huge bags with
a mouth 50 m wide that are dragged on
depths deeper than 50 meters, and "plow"
the bottom picking up all together (algae,
sponges, corals, fish, turtles, etc.).
It is a very efficient trapping method ,
quantitative but not very selective, as, beyond
useful species for commercial purposes (called
target species), it also collects those species that
are not useful, discarded, often injured and killed
(called non target ). approximately 40% of the
contents of each trawl, baycatch
The use of bottom trawls alter:
- the eating habits of some predators,
such as dolphins, waiting for the baycatch and
becoming dependent on man.
- The plowing of the seabed has caused
over the years, the desertification of areas due
to frequent fishing
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In the Mediterranean, fishing with bottom
trawl is used to pick up white shrimp, octopus,
squid and hake
In Italy it is practiced by less than 3 000
boats,
In the U.S., since the 80s, it is mandatory
for shrimp fishing vessels the presence of devices
that identify and exclude turtles and dolphins from
trawling nets.
SEINERS
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Seiners are normally used for fish
that live in herds, both small in
size (such as sardines or anchovies)
or larger (such as mackerel) or
large (such as tuna). They are
arranged around the shoals of fish
attracted to an area.
Seiners (closing) are huge
rectangular networks. They can
even reach 800 m lenght and 120
m height. If light sources are used
to attract the fish under the boat
they are called lampare. Once tuna
nets were used, other than purse
seiners, made of mazes and
permanently anchored to the
seabed off the coast of the
Mediterranean to trap the tuna at
the end of their long migration
from the Atlantic Ocean.
Today there is a modern version of
the trap, called flying tonnara,
which is just a closing purse seine,
towed by a vessel in the open sea
to catch tuna while still swimming
towards the Mediterranean Sea.
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NETS
Nets are those left in the water, waiting
for the fish to remain trapped. Fixed
nets are deployed on the seabed and
anchored to it by appropriate plumbing.
Depending on the species to capture and on
the depth of operation they vary in shape,
size and assembly.
In the Mediterranean Sea, these networks
are used to catch squid, octopus, red
mullet, hake, gurnard, redfish and sea
bream. In Italy about 9000 small-size
vessels use nets, hooks, lines and traps.
Some of these, called the “death walls”,
have been banned in the Mediterranean
Sea either by the European Union or by the
International Commission for the
Conservation of Atlantic Tuna. Despite the
ban, this kind of network continues to be
used illegally for the capture of pelagic
species of great value, such as tuna and
swordfish. It is estimated that in the
Mediterranean still operate about 600
vessels with gill nets, of which about 100
belong to Italy. The environmental
consequences due to the use of these
networks are devastating, particularly for
biodiversity.. Between 1986 and 1990, in
fact, these networks were responsible for
83% of mammals caught in fishing
operations (whales and dolphins)
IMPACT OF FISHING ON
SEA ENVIRONMENT
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Fishing operations lead to changes
into the structure of marine habitat
and can affect :
diversity
composition
biomass
productivity of associated biota.
EFFECTS ON THE
BIODIVERSITY
EFFECTS ON TROPHIC AND
COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS
EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS:
● direct alteration of habitat by
fishing tools
● indirect alteration of habitat
● impact of lost or abandoned fishing
tools
EFFECTS UPON THE STRUCTURE
OF FISH COMMUNITIES
A case-study : Shark fishing
What’s the
situation?
75 million sharks are caught every year
for consumption
for fins
by mistake
Shark fishing
Something’s wrong: ends don’t meet…
European shark week
In many cases we kill more sharks than they are born. This
level of catch is not sustainable. Sharks need protection to
survive.
• Sharks are vulnerable.
They grow slowly,
reproduce later in life,
live longer and have
fewer youngs.
• We have fixed limits
in herring fishing…
why not for sharks?
Shark fishing
The less valuable part of sharks…
European shark week
Meat is the less valuable part of a shark, as the photos
taken in Italian supermarkets show.
Pieces of emery:
7.99 € for kg
Slices of dog fish:
6.50 € for kg
Shark fishing
The most valuable part of sharks…
Shark fishing is a profitable business. A single basking
shark, a protected species in most of the world, was
sold for 7,000 €
European shark week
Fins are the most valuable part and are sold at high
cost.
• The shark fin soup may
cost up to 300 € per
dish.
• Dried fins reach a rate of
500 € per kg.
Shark fishing
Finning
European shark week
It’s the practice of removing the
fins of a shark, rejecting the
carcass to the sea, to make room
on board for more valuable fish.
• Finning was banned in the
UE, but evident gaps in the
law make the rules less
efficacious.
• Fins and carcass can be
landed separately – so
controls are impossible!
A world with no sharks?
Which consequences?
European shark week
The marine ecosystems are interconnected and complex
frames: that’s why removing top predators from an area
might have unexpected cascade consequences.
Shark overfishing in some Caribbean reef has led to an increase
in groupers, which led to a dramatic decrease in herbivorous fish
and this has caused a modification to the reefs dominated by
algae.
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MacMedus’
Jellyfish burger,
OUR FUTURE FOOD?
Overfishing has reduced
jellifish predators and climate
change has increased ocean
Temperatures.
Jellies thrive in empty warmer
oceans.
Without changes in global
fishing policies the seafood of
the future is rubbery…………the
jellyfish burger is so close to
becoming a reality, we can
test it….