Transcript Animal Structure and Function

Animal Nutrition
Nutritional
Requirement
s

Undernourished
– not enough
calories

Overnourished
– too many calories

Malnourished
– missing one or
more essential
nutrients
Essential Nutrients
 Essential
Amino Acids
 Essential Fatty Acids
 Essential Vitamins
 Essential Minerals
Essential Amino Acids

Found in proteins
– 20 different types

Nine essential in
humans
 all
in animal proteins
 vegetarians need to
eat grains and beans
Essential Fatty Acids
 Unsaturated
fatty acids
– used to make phospholipids for
membranes
Essential Vitamins
 Fat
Soluble
– stored in fat
– K, A, D, E
 Water
Soluble
– excreted in urine
– B complex and C
Essential Minerals
 Inorganic
nutrients
– Calcium & Phosphorous
 bones
– Iron
 anemia
– Iodine
 thyroid
hormones
– Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium
 nerve
function, water regulation
Food Types

Heterotrophic
–
–
–
–
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Insectivores
Feeding Adaptations

Suspension
Feeders
Feeding Adaptations
 Substrate
Feeders
Feeding Adaptations
 Fluid
Feeders
Feeding Adaptations
 Bulk
Feeders
Intracellular Digestion
Inside cells
 All animals
 Exclusive in:

– Protista
– Porifera
Extracellular Digestion
 Outside
cells
 All animals above the sponges
 Two Types
– Gastrovascular Cavity
– Alimentary Canal
Gastrovascular
Cavity
One opening
 Found in
Cnidaria and
Platyhelminth
es

Alimentary Canal
Two openings
 Allows for
specialization

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Crop
Gizzard
Stomach
Intestine
Anus
Mammalian Digestion
 Accessory
Glands
– salivary glands
– pancreas
– liver (emulsification)
– gallbladder
 Peristalsis
 Sphincters
 “Food”
– bolus
– acid chyme
– feces
Macromolecule Digestion
Mouth
Carbo Protein Nucleic Fat
Acids
Initial
Stomach
Initial
Intestine Main
Main
Initial
Main
Initial
Main
Dentition and
Diet
Nonmammal
vertebrates
 Carnivores

– canines (grasping)
– incisors (tearing)
– molars and
premolars
 (crushing
grinding)
Herbivores
 Omnivores

and
Digestive Tracts

Carnivores
– shorter
digestive
system
– small
cecum

Herbivores
– longer
digestive
system
– large cecum