Transcript Photosynthesis

BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907
10th Edition
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
bald eagle
150
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983 1985 1987
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
1989
Sylvia S. Mader
Conservation of
Biodiversity
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
1
Outline

Conservation Biology & Biodiversity


Value of Biodiversity



Direct Value
Indirect Value
Causes of Extinction





Extinction Rates
Habitat Loss
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Conservation Techniques
2
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity

Considers all aspects of biodiversity
General goal is conserving natural resources
for this and future generations
 Primary goal is the management of biodiversity
for sustainable use by humans

3
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity

Conservation biology supports certain
ethical principles
Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere and
therefore for humans
 Extinctions due to human actions are
undesirable
 Complex interactions in ecosystems support
biodiversity and are desirable
 Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary
change has value in and of itself

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Biodiversity

At its simplest level, biodiversity is the
variety of species on Earth

Estimated that between 10 and 50 million
species currently exist
Genetic diversity refers to variations among
the members of a population
 Ecosystem diversity is dependent on
interactions of species in a particular area
 Landscape diversity involves a group of
interacting ecosystems

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Number of Described Species
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plants 240,000
fungi 63,665
insects 900,000
animals 280,000
bacteria and
archaea 5,000
protists 55,000
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Eagles and Bears Feed
on Spawning Salmon
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagle
bald eagles ( ´7)
150
opossum shrimp (per m2)
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
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Distribution of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is not evenly distributed
throughout the biosphere
 Biodiversity is highest at the tropics
 Biodiversity hotspots

Contain about 44% of known higher plant
species and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate
species
 Represent only about 1.4% of earth’s land area

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Value of Biodiversity

Direct Value
Medicinal Value
 Agricultural Value

Crops
 Biological Pest Controls
 Pollinators


Consumptive Use Value
Wood
 Skins
 Wild fruits and vegetables
 Hunting and fishing

9
Direct Value of Wildlife
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Wild species, like the rosy periwinkle,
Catharanthus roseus, are sources of many medicines.
Wild species, like many marine species,
provide us with food.
Wild species, like the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae,
are pollinators of agricultural and other plants.
Wild species, like rubber trees, Hevea, can provide a
product indefinitely if the forest is not destroyed.
Wild species, like the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus,
play a role in medical research.
Wild species, like ladybugs, Coccinella, play a
role in biological control of agricultural pests.
(Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Rubber harvest): © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; (Ladybug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Value of Biodiversity

Indirect Value
Biogeochemical Cycles
 Waste Disposal
 Provision of Fresh Water
 Prevention of Soil Erosion
 Regulation of Climate
 Ecotourism

11
Indirect Value of Ecosystems
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b.
Rate of Photosynthesis
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
1 2
a.
4
8
Number of Plant Species
16
c.
a: © William Smithey, Jr.; b: © Don and Pat Valenti/DRK Photo
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Causes of Extinction

Habitat Loss
Occurs in all ecosystems
 Recent concern focuses on tropical rain forests
and coral reefs


Habitat Fragmentation
13
Habitat Loss
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Roads cut through forest
Habitat Loss
Exotic Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Forest occurs in patches
Disease
0
a. Threats to
wildlife
20 40 60 80 100
% Species
Affected by Threat
b. Macaws on salt lick
Destroyed areas
c. Wildlife habitat is reduced.
b: © Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; c: Courtesy Woods Hole Research Center; d: Courtesy R.O. Bierregaard;
e: Courtesy Thomas Stone, Woods Hole Research Center
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Exotic Species
Nonnative species that migrate, or are
introduced, into a new ecosystem
 Avenues of Human Introduction

Colonization
 Horticulture and Agriculture
 Accidental Transport

15
Alien Species
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a.
b.
a: © Chuck Pratt/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; b: © Chris Johns/National Geographic Image Collection
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Pollution

Any environmental change that adversely
affects living things
Acid Deposition
 Eutrophication
 Ozone Depletion
 Organic Chemicals
 Global Warming

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Global Warming
Mean Global Temperature Change (°C)
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5.5
5.0
maximum likely increase
4.5
4.0
most probable temperature
for a twofold increase in CO2
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
minimum likely increase
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
–0.5
1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
2060
2100
Year
a.
b.
b: Courtesy Walter C. Jaap/Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission
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Overexploitation
The number of individuals taken from the
population is so great that the population
becomes severely reduced in numbers
 Positive feedback cycle
 The market forces driving overexploitation:

Exotic Pets
 Poaching
 Overfishing

19
Trawling
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a. Fishing by use of a drag net
b. Result of drag net fishing
a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Peter Auster/University of Connecticut
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Conservation Techniques

Habitat Preservation


Keystone Species
Metapopulations

Small populations isolated because of habitat
fragmentation
Source Populations
 Sink Populations

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Habitat Preservation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis
b. Old-growth forest; northern
spotted owl, Strix occidentalis
caurina (inset)
a: © Gerard Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b(Forest): © Art Wolfe/Artwolfe.com; b(Owl): © Pat & Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Conservation Techniques

Landscape Preservation


Landscape protection for one species benefits
other wildlife in the same space
The Edge Effect
The edge around a patch of habitat has
conditions different from the patch interior
 An edge reduces the amount of habitat typical
for an ecosystem

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Edge Effect
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
30.55%
increasing percentage of
patch influenced by edge effects
43.75%
64%
habitat patch
a.
brown-headed
cowbird chick
88.8%
yellow warbler
chick
area subject
to edge effect
b.
b: © Jeff Foott Productions
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Conservation Techniques

Habitat Restoration


Restoration ecology seeks scientific ways to
return ecosystems to their state prior to
habitate degradation
Three Principles of restoration ecology
Begin as soon as possible before remaining
fragments are lost
 Once natural history is understood, use
biological techniques to mimic natural
processes
 Goal is sustainable development

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Restoration of the Everglades
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tampa
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Original
watershed
boundary
A
75
Lake
Okeechobee
95
West
Palm Beach
B
C
Historic
Everglades
Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi
C
Fort
Lauderdale
Naples
75
Miami
Ten
Thousand
Islands
Everglades
National Park
T aylor
Slough
Gulf of
Mexico
D
American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
Florida
Bay
0
15
30 miles
a. Location of Everglades National Park (purple)
White ibis, Eudocimus albus
Roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja
Wood stork, Mycteria americana
b. Wildlife in Everglades
(Panther): © Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Alligator): © Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited;
(Ibis): © Stephen G. Maka; 47.11(Spoonbill): © Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Stork): © Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers, Inc
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Review

Conservation Biology & Biodiversity


Value of Biodiversity



Direct Value
Indirect Value
Causes of Extinction





Extinction Rates
Habitat Loss
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Conservation Techniques
27
BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907
10th Edition
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
bald eagle
150
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983 1985 1987
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
1989
Sylvia S. Mader
Conservation of
Biodiversity
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
28