Transcript Lecture 13
Chapter 13: Primative Fishes... Polypteriformes • Primitive Traits – – – – – Ganoid Scales Lung-like gas bladder –gulp air & survive in low O2 Spiracle Spiral Valve Heterocercal Tail • Unique Traits – “Lobed” Fins – coelocanths or lungfishes – Dorsal fins – 5 – 18 separate dorsal fins • Restricted to Africa; aquarium fish; “birchirs” Polypteriformes- coelocanth, ancient fish?? Polypteriformes- lungfish Bichir Acipenseriformes: • Cartilaginous skeletons lacking central vertebral • Strongly heterocercal tail • Anus and urogenital openings at base of pelvic fins • Spiracle present in some species • Conus arteriosus with multiple valves • Spiral valve present in intestine Acipenseriformes: • Sturgeons: – Bony scutes – Sensory barbels – Mostly freshwater —few marine and anadromous – Prized for eggs = cavier – Caspian and Black Seas of western Asia – Stock collapsing (Asian) – Shovelnose sturgeon and pallid sturgeon – Very fecund; mature at a late age • Paddlefish: Acipenseriformes: – Lack bony scutes; long rostrum – 2 genera : American (Polyodon spathula) Chinese Paddlefish (Psepherus gladius) – American: “Spoonbill cat” – Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers – Planktivore; Long, narrow gill rakers – Up to 2m long; 75 kg – Rostrum: electrosensory function? -- rooting through sediment? Acipenseriformes: • Paddlefish: –Chinese (Psepherus gladius) : – Yangtze River system – Smaller rostrum – Presumed piscivorous – Danger of extinction: » Dam construction » overfishing Semionotiformes: Gars • Thick ganoid scales • Bony head and snout • Long jaws with strong sharp teeth • Spiral valve intestine • Gas bladder divided internally • Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body Semionotiformes: Gars • • • • Primitive predators N. America 1 species in Cuba All but one freshwater – Alligator gar occasionally enters SW • Gas bladder divided internally • Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body Order Ammiiformes • One species, the bowfin (Amia calva) • Heterocercal tail • Rudimentary spiral valve intestine • Cycloid scales • Physostomous gas bladder • Bowfin: Order Ammiformes – Predatory species – Sucks prey into its mouth (canine teeth) – Swims via undulations of long dorsal fin – Gulping air for surviving low O2 waters – Males build and defend nests – Defends young until they are 10 cm long – Edible? …depends! Not as primative, but still “old” Division Teleostei • Cycloid or ctenoid scales (when present) • Lack of spiral valve intestine • three or four lower jaw bones per side Primitive vs. Advanced Traits Elongated bodies with 50-60 vertebrae Deeper bodies with 20-30 vertebrae Single dorsal fin towards middle or posterior of body Multiple dorsal fins beginning more anterior Fins with soft rays only Fins with spines and soft rays Pectoral fins ventral Pectoral fins high on sides of body Pelvic fins towards posterior Pelvic fins below pectorals Premaxilla and maxilla involved in gape of jaw and bare teeth Maxilla limited to angle of jaw, does not bare teeth Non-protrusible jaw Protrusible Jaw Physostomous gas bladder Physoclistous gas bladder Separate Liver and Pancreas Hepatopancreas Cycloid scales Ctenoid Scales Division Teleostei • Divided into 4 groups: • Osteoglossomorpha – bonytongues, mooneyes • Elopomorpha – tarpons and eels • Clupeomorpha – herrings • Euteleostei – everything else Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha • Mostly tropical species of Africa, Asia, and South America • Some have enhanced electrosensory abilities (REM: elephantfish and knifefish...same group) • Used as food & some angling • Many aquarium species • Examples: • Arawanas – popular aquarium fish • Mooneye – herring-like fish from the Great Lakes Region. Some value as sport and food fish Arawana Mooneye Hiodon tergisus • O. Elopiformes – tarpon, ladyfish, bonefish - important recreational species - No market for meat - Sought for large size and active fighting habits • Order Anguilliformes – eels - 20 families of eels Elongated bodies with large number of vertebrae Pectoral fins reduced in size Pelvic fins absent Scales: small or absent Orders Anguiliformes Suborder Anguilloidei Suborder Muranoidei Suborder Congroidei - American, European and Japanese eels (Anguilla) - Catadromous – spawn in SW, mature in FW - American and European eels: - Spawn in deep waters in central N. Atlantic Leptocephali drift with current Transform into threadlike elvers Ascend rivers and spend several years there maturing • Order Saccopharyngiformes – eels - Group of bizarre deep-sea fishes - Includes: - Gulper eels - Snipe eels Clupeiformes • Herrings and anchovies • Important food fishes • Large silvery scales • Soft rays only • Large easily shed cycloid scales Basically, this gizzard shad is a freshwater menhaden! Order Clupeiformes • Large scale fisheries exist for marine species • Some consumed by humans • Used in animal feeds and fertilizers • Population dependent on plankton abundance which is dictated by ocean circulation • Upwelling of cold nutrient rich water • Nutrients phytoplankton bloom zooplankton anchovies • El Niño Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi • Possess “Webberian Apparatus” - modified anterior vertebrae and special bony connections between gas bladder and ear • Contains: - minnows - suckers - tetras - catfishes Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi • Order Gonorhynchiformes • Order Cypriniformes – Family Cyprinidae – Family Catastomidae • Order Characiformes • Order Siluriformes • Order Gymnotiformes Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi • Order Gonorhynchiformes - milkfish (Chanos chanos) - Important aquaculture species in SE Asia - Raised in earthen ponds - Important source of animal protein Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi • Order Cypriniformes: – Family Cyprinidae: - Jaw Teeth Absent - Adipose Fin Absent - Barbels Present - N. America and Eurasia - Base forage Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi • Order Cypriniformes: – Family Cyprinidae: – Grass Carp: – Introduced species – Herbivore – Eradicates vegetation – Illegal to stock or sell diploids – Triploids acceptable Cyprinidae; Minnows Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi • Order Cypriniformes: – Family Catastomidae: – suckers – Fleshy protrusible lips – White and spotted suckers – Buffalo fishes – Redhorses – Quillbacks – carpsuckers Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi • Order Characiformes: - Jaw Teeth Present - Adipose Fin Present - Barbels Absent - S. America, C. America, and Africa Charachidae: Tetras Siluriformes • Lack Scales, often with bony plates on head or body • Teeth present on premaxillary, absent on maxillary • Many have venomous “spines” composed of fused soft rays - venom gland at base of spine Siluriformes • • • • • • • Well developed sensory barbels Usually an adipose fin Found on all continents except Antartica Some marine (gafftop and sea catfish) Greatest diversity in S. America Important food source Important game and aquarium fishes Gymnotiformes • • • • • Unusual electrical fishes South and Central America Elongated bodies and small eyes Sometimes called S. American knifefishes Modified muscle tissue for production of electrical fields • Electric eel (produce more than 500 volts) CHAPTER 18 Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes Class Osteichthyes Infradivision: Euteleostei True teleosts Suberorder: Ostariophysi •6500 species •Dominant freshwater fishes •Some of most important aquaculture species Suberorder: Ostariophysi Six Characteristics of group 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Have fright substance (Schreckstoff) released into water when fish is injured Swimbladder is present and usually has two chambers Unculi present: small unicellular projections on body that may provide rough surface for clinging or scraping Breeding tubercles well developed Upper jaw (premaxilla) easily extended for suction feeding Pelvic fins abdominal in position Order: Gonorynchiformes • Toothless mouths • Epibranchial organs (modified gill rakers for breaking up ingested food Family Chanidae • • • • • Milkfish Marine and brackish water species One of most important food fishes of Southeast Asia Adults to 1.8 m Silvery sides Deeply forked tails Milkfish Chanos chanos Order Cypriniformes • Dominate freshwter fishes of North America and Eurasia • 2700 species • Most possess protractile mouths without teeth • Most posses pharyngeal teeth • Heads lack scales (with few exceptions) • All lack adipose fins Family Cyprinidae Minnow or Carp family Largest family of fishes Includes: • Minnows • Danios • Rasabora • Barbs • Goldfish • Koi • Loaches • Ornamental sharks • carps Cyprinidae • Largest family of fishes • More than 2,000 species • The Cyprinidae are scattered throughout most of the world, and include cold water types as well as those of tropical waters. • Members distinguished by their pharyngeal teeth • Most have soft fin rays; however, modified into spines in common carp and goldfish Cyprinidae Some Images Sailfin shiner Notropis hypselopterus Flagfin shiner Notropis signipinnis Taillight shiner Notropis maculatus Bluenose shiner Notripis welaka Blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta Pugnose shiner Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas Rosyface shiner Notropis rubellus Central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum Rosy barb Puntius conchonius Asia Sumatra barb Puntius tetrazona Southeast Asia Pearl danio Brachydanio albolineatus Asia Zebra danio Danio rerio Asia White cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes China, Vietnam Three-lined rasbora Rasbora trilineata East Asia Goldfish Carassius auratus auratus Central Asia and China Common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio Throughout Europe and Asia Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Asis, former USSR, China Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Asia, China, and eastern Siberia Red-Finned Shark Epalzeorhynchus frenatus Southeast Asia Family Catastomidae Suckers • Mainly North American • 68 species • Most live in streams • Mostly bottom browsers with subterminal mouths Sonora sucker Catostomus insignis Western United States Family Cobitidae Loaches, Botia • Found mostly in streams of Eurasia • 160 species • Popular aquarium fishes • All have subterminal mouths Clown loach Botia macracanthus Sumatra, Borneo Order Characiformes • Mexico, Central and South America; 1,350 species • Africa; 200 species • In South America charicins (and catfish) totally dominate fish fauna • Presently 18 families, but will change • Most are diurnal predators with large eyes • No eyes in some cave dwellers African Characins • Four families • More than 200 species • Some have specialized jaws for snipping off shunks of fins of other fishes • Include African tetras (Alestidae), formally in Characidae - same family as S. American tetras. These are sold in the aquarium trade • Most notable Alestidae are African tigerfishes Hydrocynus goliath Giant tigerfish Congo River basin, Lualaba River, Lake Upemba, and Lake Tanganyika Characidae • South and Central America • Approximately 700 species • One species in N. America • All have good sets of jaw teeth • Variety of feeding habits found • Some species feed largely on scales of other fishes Serrasalmus manueli Amazon Basin Orinoco Basin Pygocentrus cariba Black spot piranha Orinoco Basin Colossoma macropomum Tambaqui Amazon and Orinoco Basins Colossoma teeth Acestrohynchidae Lie and wait predators; Brazil Ctenoluciidae Pike-characids Lie and wait predator: S. America Cynodontidae Brazil, northern S. America Gasteropelecidae hatchetfishes South America Anostomidae Headstanders Herbivores or detritivores; S. America Siluriformes Catfishes • Active after dark • 2400 species • 1- 4 pairs of barbels • Adipose fin • No scales but may have armored plates • Spines on forward edge of pectoral and dorsal fins • Pectoral spines lock out • Have Weberian apparatus Callichthyidae • • • • Moderately deep bodied (flattened ventrally Protected with bony plates and spines Often live in stagnant water Able to swallow air and absorb in highly vascularized portion of hind gut • Found in S. America and Panama Spotted corydoras Corydoras ambiacus Flagtail catfish Dianema urostriatum Doradidae Thorny catfishes • Found in South America Megalodoras uranoscopus Raphael catfish Platydoras costatus Ripsaw catfish Oxydoras niger Mochokidae Upside-down catfish All from Africa Siluridae Glass catfish and sheatfishes Ghost Catfish Kryptopterus minor; SE Asia Family Loricariidae Armored catfishes • Also called suckermouth catfishes • Adapted for acraping or sucking algae from bottom in streams • Mouths adapted for holding onto rocks in fast water • Found in Costa Rica, Panama, and South America Acanthicus adonis Bushymouth catfish Ancistrus dolichopterus Chocolate-colored catfish Rineloricaria lanceolata Ariidae Hardhead and gafftopsail catfish • Feed on benthic inverts • Noisy schools created by clicking of pectoral spines and vibration of swimbladder • Males incubate eggs in mouth • Primarily marine Gafftopsail sea catfish Bagre marinus Clariidae • Walking catfish • Air breathing • “Walk” using pectoral fins and swinging from side to side • Clarius Batrachus (Asia) has become pest in Florida African catfish Clarias gariepinus Walking catfish Clarius batrachus Ictaluridae North American catfishes • • • • • Scaleless Usually dark in color Large flattened heads 8 barbels High degree of parental care; build nests and guard eggs and young • Channel catfish #1 aquaculture foodfish in United States Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus Shark catfishes Pangasiidae • Endemic to Mekong Basin • Rare because of overexploitation • aquaculture species Giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas Max. recorded weight, 350kg CHAPTER 19 Smelt, Salmon, and Pike Class – Osteichthyes Subclass – Actinopterygii Subdivision – Teleostei Infradivision – Euteleostei Superorder - Protacanthopterygii Superorder Protacanthopterygii • This group supposed to contain the presumed ancestors to the spiny-rayed fishes (Acanthopterygii) that dominate the world’s oceans • Contains 310 species in 3 orders • Lack spines • Many have adipose fins • Species in fresh and marine environments Order Argentiniformes • Contains more than 160 species from 7 families • All small fishes with large eyes • Live in deep sea environments • All possess and epibranchial organ (crumenal) for grinding up small prey. • Organ consists of small pouch just behind fourth gill arch Order Argentiniformes (con’t) • Gill rakers on both sides fit into pouch where they interdigitate to break up food particles Family argentinidae • Herring smelts • Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Bathylagidae • Deep sea smelts Microstomatidae Curious wormfish Gunnellichthys curiosus Elegant firefish Nemateleotris decora Yellowstripe wormfish Gunnellichthys viridescens Blackfin dartfish Ptereleotris evides Lined dartfish Ptereleotris grammica Opisthoproctidae barreleyes Liptochilichthyidae • Deep sea Alepocephalidae slickheads Platytroctidae tubeshoulders Order Salmoniformes • Smelts and salmonids • Mostly cold water • Most can easily move between fresh and salt water • Smelts and salmonids distantly related Suborder Osmeroidei • • • • • Small elongate fishes Prey on small invertebrates Frequently found in large numbers Favored food fishes Include: – Northern smelts – Noodlefishes – Southern smelts Northern smelts • • • • Includes Osmeridae (true smelts) Approximately only 13 species Generally small (< 20cm) However, can be enormously abundant in coastal areas of northern hemisphere • All are excellent food • They eat zooplankton and small fish Atlantic rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax mordax Salangidae noodlefishes or icefishes • • • • • 11 species Abundant Important fisheries Found in Japan, China, Southeast Asia Elongate, scaleless, and nearly transparent because of poorly ossified skeleton Southern smelts • Coastal and fresh waters of Australia and New Zealand • Small, trout-like fishes • Include – Galaxiidae – Retropinnidae – Lepidogalixiidae Galaxiidae • Occur in freshwater on all the southern continents except Antartica • Distribution can be explained by plate tectonics or planktonic , marine larvae Inanga Galaxias maculatus Chile Shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis New Zealand Retropinnidae New Zealand smelts Cucumberfish Retropinna retropinna New Zealand Lepidogalaxiidae salamander fishes Salamanderfish Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Only found in southwest corner of Australia in pools and streams Suborder Salmonoidei • One family: Salmonidae • Approximately 70 species • Dominant fishes of cold-water streams and lakes of North America and Eurasia • Most species anadromous • Three subfamilies – Salmon and trout – Graylings – Whitefishes Salmon and trout Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Salmon and trout Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Salmon and trout Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka Salmon and trout Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Salmon and trout Brown trout Salmo trutta fario Salmon and trout Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis Graylings Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus arcticus whitefishes Common whitefish Coregonus lavaretus Order Esociformes • 10 species • All freshwater • Widespreadin North America and northern Eurasia • Lie and wait predators • 2 families – Esocidae (pikes) can be large – Umbridae (mudminnows) generally small Esocidae (pikes; 5 species) Northeren pike Esox lucius Pikes Chain pickerel Esox niger Pikes Muskellunge Esox masquinongy Umbridae (Mudminnows; 5 species) Central mudminnow Umbra limi 3. a. Name this fish__________________ b. What is the order this fish belongs too? ______________ 4. a. Name the fish: b. Genus:_________species:_____________ c. Why is this fish important? 5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? ______ 3. a. Common carp b. What is the order this fish belongs too? Cypriniformes 4. a. Name the fish:Channel Catfish b. Genus: Ictalurus species: punctatus c. Why is this fish important? Food! 5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? Cyprinidae (cypriniformes) 5. a and b