Transcript Ecology ppt ALLx - Hatboro

1.Biotic vs Abiotic
2.Interactions
between
organisms
3.Energy and
Feeding
4.Recycling
Nutrients in the
Environment
1
Videos
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpjIdVW1_No Jack Hanna on
Letterman
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jieWWQQGzOc owl eskimo kiss
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7rZTZBOrqQ polar bear swim
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEOl_e0NAEY invasive species in FL
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/gangster-birds.html cowbirds
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/rat-attack.html rats attack
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/animals-pets-kids/fishkids/fish-symbiosis-kids/ tiger grouper
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q symbiosis review
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lC3AkGSigrA whale ride
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kjWBgA81LM lion pals
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzJue2AkO_Q Lions and Tigers and
Bears!
Ecology—the scientific study of interactions between
different organisms and between organisms
and their environment or surroundings
Biotic Factor—living factors that influence an
ecosystem
Abiotic Factor—non-living factors that influence
an ecosystem
http://www.you
tube.com/watc
h?v=ttC7o3Jxsx
E
Oil Spill- Gulf of Mexico
4/20/2010
http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=
Mr_uTdggDSk
p37
Levels of Ecological Organization
• Biosphere: Earth, supports life
• Biome: group of ecosystems with similar
climate (Tundra, Grasslands, Deciduous Forrest)
• Ecosystem: All Biotic & Abiotic factors existing
together (forest, ocean, park)
• Community: multiple groups of organisms
living in the same ecosystem (only organisms; )
• Population: one species of organism
• Organism: a single organism
Niche - the unique role that an organism has in its
ecosystem, “job”
Habitat- the environment in which an organisms lives,
“address”
Worm’s Niche
“Address”—Soil, Ground, etc.
“Job”– Mix-up soil
Owls help to control the
rodent population.
Dung Beetles eating
animal droppings and
fertilize soil.
Limiting Factors
• Biotic & Abiotic factors that control what can
survive in an ecosystem
– Biotic: plants, predators, food
– Abiotic: water, shelter, light, salinity
• Carrying Capacity: maximum number of
organisms an ecosystem can support
How strange it is that a bird, under the form of a
woodpecker, should have been created to prey on
insects on the ground; that upland geese, which never
or rarely swim, should have been created with webbed
feet; that a thrush should have been created to dive
and feed on sub-aquatic insects; and that a petrel
should have been created with habits and structure
fitting it for the life of an auk or grebe! and so on in
endless other cases. But on the view of each species
constantly trying to increase in number, with natural
selection always ready to adapt the slowly varying
descendants of each to any unoccupied or ill-occupied
place in nature, these facts cease to be strange, or
perhaps might even have been anticipated. - Charles
Darwin (1859), On the Origin of Species
Videos
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpjIdVW1_No Jack Hanna on
Letterman
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jieWWQQGzOc owl eskimo kiss
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7rZTZBOrqQ polar bear swim
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEOl_e0NAEY invasive species in FL
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/gangster-birds.html cowbirds
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/rat-attack.html rats attack
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/animals-pets-kids/fishkids/fish-symbiosis-kids/ tiger grouper
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q symbiosis review
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lC3AkGSigrA whale ride
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kjWBgA81LM lion pals
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzJue2AkO_Q Lions and Tigers and
Bears!
Interactions
between
Organisms
Ecological Interactions between Organisms
Competition—when two organisms of the same or
different species fight for an ecological resource
Ex: food, water, shelter
Blue Jays and Squirrels
compete for food…and the
Blue Jay usually wins!
http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=3FymLp0F1Qg
Rams compete with
each other for mates.
Until Americans introduced gray squirrels into parts of
England in the early 20th century, red squirrels had been
the only species of squirrel in the country. The gray
squirrels were larger and bred faster and successfully
competed for resources. Within a couple years of overlap
in an area, the red squirrels disappeared.
Predation—one organism captures and feeds on another
organism
1. Predator—organism that does the killing
2. Prey—organism that gets eaten
http://biologycorner.com/workshe
ets/predatorsim.html#.UjBzFHbdec lab
http://www.biologycorner.com/
worksheets/predator_prey_grap
hing.html#.UjByWX-bdec
Graphing
Symbiosis—any relationship in which two
species live closely together
1. Mutualism—both species benefit (WIN-WIN)
a. Ex: insects and flowers
2. Commensalism—one member of the association
benefits and the other is
neither helped nor harmed.
(WIN-0)
Example: barnacles on a whale
The Remora fish attaches to
the shark and gets a free ride.
Commensalism
Birds build nests in trees.
3. Parasitism—one organisms lives on or inside
another organism (host) and harms it.
The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional
needs from the host. (WIN-LOSE)
Example: fleas on a dog
Tapeworms live in
intestines and absorb
nutrients.
Parasitism
Sea lampreys feed on
fluids of other fish.
Mosquito biting a
human.
Mutualism, Commensalism or Parasitism??
Parasitism
Mutualism
Symbiosis: Humans & Animals
While the primary benefits to animals are obvious - to place them
in loving homes and keep them from being destroyed - the
benefits to elderly persons are ten-fold (versus non-pet owners).
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Pets lower blood pressure and pulse rate
21% fewer visits to the doctor
Less depression
Easier to make friends (enhanced social opportunities)
Seniors become more active
Pets offer affection and unconditional love
Pets ease loss of a loved one
Pets fight loneliness
Seniors take better care of themselves
Sense of security
Videos
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpjIdVW1_No Jack Hanna on Letterman
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jieWWQQGzOc owl eskimo kiss
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7rZTZBOrqQ polar bear swim
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEOl_e0NAEY invasive species in FL
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/gangster-birds.html cowbirds
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/rat-attack.html rats attack
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/animals-pets-kids/fish-kids/fishsymbiosis-kids/ tiger grouper
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q symbiosis review
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lC3AkGSigrA whale ride
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kjWBgA81LM lion pals
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzJue2AkO_Q Lions and Tigers and Bears!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Bn7wdCP2v4 food webs grasslands
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T6GfdgJuTM moose fights wolf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2appqvfCTo4 tuffed titmouse calling mate
Organisms & Energy
Who’s hungry???
Producers
• Also called autotrophs
• The SUN is the main source of energy for
life on Earth.
• Use light or chemical energy to make
food.
–Plants
–Fungi
–Some bacteria
Photosynthesis—use light energy to convert carbon
dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates
(Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O
Light Energy
6O2 + C6H12O6)
Chemosynthesis—performed by bacteria, use chemical
energy to produce carbohydrates, found in
HYDROTHERMAL vents deep in the Earth
Consumers
• Organisms that rely on other organisms
for their energy and food supply
•
Also called heterotrophs
Herbivores—obtain energy by
eating only plants
Carnivores—eat only meat (animals)
Omnivores—eat both plants and animals
Decomposers— breaks
down dead organic matter
(organisms), bacteria
• Scavenger/Detritivore: eats dead organic
matter in its habitat
• Large organisms like
crabs, hawks and
vultures
Feeding Interactions
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction—
SUN  PRODUCER (plant)  CONSUMER
• Food Chain—series of steps in which organisms transfer
energy by eating and being eaten
• Arrows go in the direction of how energy is
transferred
• Start with producer and end with top consumer
or carnivore (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
Ex: grass
cricket
frog
raccoon
Food Web—network of food chains within an ecosystem
Hawks
Weasels
Raccoons
Mice
Grass
Which of the organisms above is the producer?
Which of the organisms above is the top consumer?
Hawks
Food Webs
Raccoons
Weasels
Mice
Grass
http://www.biologycorn
er.com/worksheets/food
_web_label.html#.UjBy4
3-bdec label
producer
• Each FOOD CHAIN begins with a ________________,
which is the
algae
___________.
Top consumer
• Each FOOD CHAIN ends with a _________________________,
which
Killer whale
is the _______________.
• Trophic Levels—each step (energy level) in a
food chain or food web
– Level 5: Quaternary Consumers (carnivore)
– Level 4: Tertiary Consumers (carnivore)
– Level 3: Secondary Consumers
(carnivore or omnivore)
– Level 2: Primary Consumers (herbivores)
– Level 1: Producers (autotrophs)
• Ecological Pyramids
• Diagram that shows the amount of energy or
organisms (biomass) contained within each trophic
level of a food chain or web
• Two Types:
• 1. Energy: shows amount of energy available
• 2. Biomass: shows amount of living (organic)
material
• Rule of 10
– Organisms use energy for
life processes (such as
growth, photosynthesis,
cellular respiration,
metabolism)and release
some energy as
heat/waste
– Rule of 10—only about
10% of the available
energy or biomass within
a trophic level is
transferred to the next
higher trophic level
0.1%
1%
10%
100%
Energy or Biomass Pyramid
Videos
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpjIdVW1_No Jack Hanna on Letterman
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jieWWQQGzOc owl eskimo kiss
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7rZTZBOrqQ polar bear swim
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEOl_e0NAEY invasive species in FL
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/gangster-birds.html cowbirds
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/rat-attack.html rats attack
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/animals-pets-kids/fish-kids/fishsymbiosis-kids/ tiger grouper
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q symbiosis review
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lC3AkGSigrA whale ride
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kjWBgA81LM lion pals
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzJue2AkO_Q Lions and Tigers and Bears!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Bn7wdCP2v4 food webs grasslands
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A98S-BqP4Po Nutrient cycle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IncMhop-4Jc water cycle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrIr3xDhQ0E carbon cycle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP24BceOwt8 nitrogen cycle
Recycling Nutrients in an
Ecosystem
Recycling Nutrients in the Environment
• Water cycle
• Water is recycled through:
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Evaporation from groundwater & bodies of water
Transpiration from plants
Condensation in clouds
Precipitation back to the ground
• Nitrogen cycle: returning Nitrogen back to the soil
– Nitrogen: element found in proteins and nucleic acids
(DNA)
– Decomposer: small organism, usually bacteria or
fungus, that feed on dead organisms while breaking
them down
– Denitrification: break down dead organisms, return
nitrogen to the soil
• Carbon cycle
–Carbon Dioxide exchange between
animals and plants
–All organisms are made of carbon
• decompose and return carbon to
the soil
• Decayed organic material turns
into fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
Cliffs of Dover, England
Carbon in the ground combines with other elements to
form CaCO3, or Calcium Carbonate, which is the
mineral found in cliffs and caves.
1. Biotic
2. Abiotic
3. Biosphere
4. Biome
5. Ecosystem
6. Community
7. Population
8. Organism
9. Niche
10. Habitat
11. Limiting factor
12. Carrying
capacity
13. Producer
14. Consumer
15. Herbivore
16. Carnivore
17. Omnivore
18. Decomposer
19. Detritivore
(Scavenger)
20. Symbiosis
21. Competition
22. Predation
23. Mutualism
24. Commensalism
25. Parasitism
26. Food chain
27. Food Web
28. Ecological
pyramid
29. Water cycle
30. Nitrogen cycle
31. Carbon cycle
Think and Respond
• How have humans negatively impacted the
environment?
“Vanishing of the Bees”
“If the bee disappeared off the surface of the
globe, then man would have only four years of
life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no
more plants, no more animals, no more man.”
~ Albert Einstein, 1941
Environmental Changes & Effects
• Natural disasters
• Acid rain
• Non-renewable resources vs. Renewable
resources
• Greenhouse Effect
• http://www.bigelow.org/foodweb/chain1.htm
l
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTRIKgKLI
_Y