Transcript chapter 3 - Avon Community School Corporation

COMMUNITIES, BIOMES, AND ECOSYSTEMS
 SECTION
3.1 - NOTES
 COMMUNITY
ECOLOGY
◦Main Idea: All living
organisms are limited by
factors in the environment.
 QUESTIONS:
◦What are some changes you
associate with the change of
seasons?
◦Why do these changes occur?
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COMMUNITIES
◦ Biological Community - groups of
different populations that live in the same
area at the same time.
◦ Organisms adapt to the conditions where
they live.
 EX: animals with fur coats to keep them
warm.
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QUESTION:
 Think of some adaptations for
organisms that you know about other
than the ones we have already talked
about.
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LIMITING FACTORS
◦ Limiting factor would be any abiotic or biotic
factor that limits the growth, reproduction, or
distribution of organisms.
◦ Abiotic factors could include:
 Sunlight, climate, temperature, water,
nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, space
◦ Biotic factors could include:
 Living things
 If one species is restricted in growth, can
allow another species to increase
 EX: tall trees knocked down, lets grass and
bushes increase
 RANGE
OF TOLERANCE
 Range of tolerance - any environment
factor that has an upper and lower
limit that defines the conditions that
the organism can survive in.
 Tolerance is the ability of any
organism to survive when subjected
to abiotic or biotic factors.
 Figure 2, pg. 61
 QUESTION: Why do humans have a
wider range of tolerance
than most other organisms?
 ECOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION
 Ecosystems are constantly
changing.
◦EX: tree falls down, forest burns
down
 QUESTION: Name some areas that
might be more susceptible to
disturbances.
Ecological succession is the change in an
ecosystem that happens when one
community replaces another as a result of
changing abiotic and biotic factors.
◦ Lichen to small annual plants, perennial
herbs and grasses, shade intolerant trees,
to large trees
 2 types of ecological succession:
◦ Primary succession
◦ Secondary succession
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PRIMARY SUCCESSION
Primary succession occurs on a solidified lava
flow or exposed rocks, cliff, where NO soil is
present.
Primary succession occurs only once.
 Pioneer species are the 1st
organisms to appear. They are the species
that start the process of soil formation for
succession to take place.
 Common pioneer species to begin breaking
down rock are lichen.
 Order of succession:
 Rocks to lichens to small annual plants to
perennial herbs and grasses, to shade
intolerant trees
 PRIMARY
SUCCESSION –
CONTINUED
 Climax community is when a
stable, mature community is
developed with little change in
species
◦Not likely to occur due to
disturbances and or climate
changes
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SECONDARY SUCCESSION
Secondary succession can take place after
disturbances like: fire, flood, or storm that have
disrupted the communities that live there.
◦ Possible that new species of plants and/or
animals might occupy that habitat.
Definition for secondary succession is the orderly
and predictable change that gradually takes
place after a community of organisms has been
removed but the soil has remained intact.
◦ Secondary succession will begin with a pioneer
species.
◦ Secondary succession will occur faster than
primary succession, because soil already exists.
SECONDARY SUCCESSION – CONTINUED
 Natural communities always changing.
 Human activities also affect the species
present.
 So difficult to determine if succession
reaches a climax community in many areas
on Earth.
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SECTION 3.2 – TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
 MAIN IDEA – Ecosystems on land are
grouped into biomes primarily based on
the plant communities within them.
◦ Plant communities are specific to
particular ecosystems.
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QUESTION: Why do you think the plants
might be different in each major area?
QUESTION: Why might the species in one
biome be more diverse than the species in
another?
 EFFECTS
OF LATITUDE AND
CLIMATE
 Everyone is affected by weather
and climate.
 Weather – is the condition of
the atmosphere at a specific
place and time.
LATITUDE
 Latitude is the distance at any point on the
surface of Earth north or south from the
equator.
◦ 0° = equator
◦ 90° = N or S pole
◦ Sunlight strikes Earth most directly at the
equator = warmer temperatures
◦ Sunlight strikes Earth indirectly at poles =
cool/cold temperatures.
◦ Creates 3 zones
 Polar, temperate, and tropical
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CLIMATE
Climate is the average of all weather conditions
in the area, includes temperature, precipitation,
humidity, etc.
The single feature that is primarily responsible
for the variation of climate in different parts of
the is the angle of incoming sunlight.
◦ Other things that affect climate:
 Elevation
 Continental landmasses
 Ocean currents
In a biome the plants and animals have adapted
to the region’s climate.
QUESTION: What are some things that humans
are doing to affect climates around the globe?
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MAJOR LAND BIOMES
Biomes are classified primarily according to the
characteristics of their plants, animals,
temperature and precipitation.
Different types of biomes:
◦ Tundra
◦ Boreal forest
◦ Temperate forest
◦ Temperate woodland and shrubland
◦ Temperate grassland
◦ Desert
◦ Tropical savanna
◦ Tropical seasonal forest
◦ Tropical rain forest
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TUNDRA
Tundra below the polar ice caps
◦ Extends across N. Europe, N. America, and
Siberia in Asia
◦ Treeless biome with a layer of permanently
frozen soil below the surface called permafrost.
 Trees cannot get their roots through the
permafrost.
BOREAL FOREST
◦ South of the tundra with dense evergreen forest
extending across N. America, Europe, and Asia
 EX: spruce, fir, and pine trees
◦ Could be called the taiga
◦ Lack a permafrost layer
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TEMPERATE FOREST
◦ Cover much of S. Eastern Canada, eastern US,
most of Europe, parts of Asia and Australia
◦ Composed mostly of broad-leaved, deciduous
trees (shed leaves in autumn)
 EX: oak, maple, hickory and beech trees
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◦ All 4 seasons occur here
TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND SHRUBLAND
◦ Have less annual rainfall than temperate
forests.
 Around the Mediterranean Sea, western coasts
of N. & S. America, S. Africa and Australia
◦ Dominated by shrubs, called chaparral
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TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
◦ Located in middle latitudes of N. & S.
America, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
 Referred to as steppes in Asia, prairies
in N. America, savannas in Africa, and
rangelands in Australia
◦ Have rich, fertile soils to support thick
grasses or ideal for growing crops
 Also called grasslands
◦ Drought, grazing animals, and fires keep
grasslands from becoming forests.
 Most grasslands have been cleared for
agriculture.
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DESERT
◦ Deserts are areas where annual rate of
evaporation exceeds the rate of precipitation.
 Deserts on all continents except Europe
TROPICAL SAVANNA
◦ Located in Africa, S. America, and Australia
◦ Have grasses and scattered trees and receive
less precipitation than some tropical areas
TROPICAL SEASONAL FOREST
◦ Located in Africa, Asia, Australia, and S. &
Central America
◦ Resembles the temperate deciduous forest
because in the dry season the trees loose their
leaves to conserve water.
 TROPICAL
RAIN FOREST
 Located in Central and S. America,
S. Asia, W. Central Africa, and N.
Eastern Australia
 Has warm temperatures & large
amounts of rainfall
 Has the greatest biodiversity of all
biomes
OTHER TERRESTRIAL AREAS
 Exceptions:
◦ Mountains not characterized as biomes
because their climate, plants, and animals
changes with elevation
◦ Polar regions are not true biomes because
they are ice masses and not true land
area with soil.
 Antarctica has recorded the coldest
temperature on record at -89°C
 Many species live in both polar regions
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SECTION 3.3-AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
 MAIN IDEA
◦ Aquatic ecosystems are grouped based
on abiotic factors such as water flow,
depth, distance from shore, salinity, and
latitude
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QUESTION:
◦ How do you and this community interact
with local aquatic ecosystems?
FRESHWATER ECOCYSTEMS
 Freshwater ecosystems include:
◦ Ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and
wetlands
◦ Plants and animals have adaptation to live
in fresh water and cannot survive in salt
water
 About 2.5% is fresh water
◦ 68.9% in glaciers
◦ 30.8% in groundwater
◦ .3% in lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and
wetlands
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RIVERS AND STREAMS
Water flows in one direction
◦ Starts at the headwater
◦ Travels to the mouth where it goes into a larger body of
water
◦ Water can start from underground springs or from snow
melt
◦ Water carries sediments as it moves
 Sediment is material that is deposited by water, wind
or glaciers
 Speed of water movement depends on the slope of
the ground
 Fast moving water usually have fewer species living
there
 Slower moving water allows plants to take root and
species to live there
LAKES AND PONDS
 Inland bodies of standing water are called
lakes or ponds.
◦ Water temperatures varies by season
◦ Nutrient rich lakes are usually at lower
altitudes and contain a lot of plant life
and many different types of consumers.
 TRANSITIONAL AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
◦ Areas where land and water interact or
salt and fresh water intermingle
 EX: wetlands and estuaries
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WETLANDS
◦ Areas of land such as marshes, swamps, and bogs that
are saturated with water and support aquatic plants
◦ Plant species include:
 EX: pond lilies, cattails, mangroves
◦ Bogs are wet and spongy areas of decomposing
vegetation that support many species of organisms.
ESTUARIES
◦ Estuaries are an ecosystem that is formed where
freshwater from a river or stream merges with salt
water from the ocean.
◦ Some species use estuaries as nurseries for their young,
nesting, or migration rest areas
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MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
◦ Through photosynthesis marine (ocean) algae using
carbon dioxide from atmosphere will produce over 50%
of the atmosphere’s oxygen.
Ocean is divided into different regions:
◦ Intertidal zone a narrow band where the ocean meets
land
 Organisms have adapted to the tides, waves, and
periods of being wet and dry.
◦ Open ocean ecosystems, which includes:
 Photic zone, also called the euphotic zone, is shallow
enough that sunlight is able to penetrate to a depth of
200m.
 Aphotic zone is an area where sunlight is unable to
penetrate and deeper than 200 m.
 Benthic zone is the floor of the ocean