Transcript Chapter 2 - BWPhysics

Vocabulary Words
Acceleration
 The rate at which velocity is changing in magnitude, direction
or both
Average Speed
 Path distance divided by time interval
Elapsed Time
 Time that passed since the beginning of an event
Free Fall
 Motion under the influence of the gravitational force
Instantaneous Speed
 Speed at any instant of time
Rate
 How much something changes per unit of time
Relative
 Regarded in relation to something else
Speed
 How fast something is moving, distance moved over time
Velocity
 Speed together with the direction of motion
CHAPTER 3
COMPONENT
 One of the vectors, often mutually
perpendicular, whose sum is a resultant
vector.
Projectile
 An object that moves through the air or space
acted on only by gravity.
Resolution
 The process of determining the components of a
vector.
Resultant
 The vector sum of two or more component
vectors.
Satellite
 An object that falls around Earth or some
other body rather than into it.
Scalar Quantity
 A scaled amount only.
Vector
 An arrow whose length represents the
magnitude of a quantity and whose direction
represents the direction of the quantity.
Vector Quantity
 Includes a magnitude and direction.
KEY TERMS: CHAPTER 4
EQUILIBRIUM
In general, a state of balance
FORCE
ANY PUSH OR PULL
FRICTION
THE FORCE THAT RESISTS
RELATIVE MOTION OF
OBJECTS OR MATERIALS
INERTIA
THE RELUCTANCE OF ANY
BODY TO CHANGE ITS STATE
OF MOTION
KILOGRAM
SI UNIT OF MOTION
LAW OF INERTIA
EVERY BODY CONTINUES IN
ITS STATE OF REST OR
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT
LINE AT A CONSTANT SPEED
UNLESS COMPELLED TO
CHAGE THAT STATE BY A
MASS
THE AMOUNT OF MATTER IN AN
OBJECT
NET FORCE
THE COMBINATION OF ALL
OF THE FORCES THAT ACT
ON AN OBJECT
NEWTON
SI UNIT OF FORCE
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
THE LAW OF INERTIA
NORMAL FORCE
FOR AN OBJECT RESTING ON
A HORIZONTAL SURFACE THE
UPWARD FORCE THAT
BALANCES THE WEIGHT OF
THE OBJECT
SUPPORT FORCE
FORCE THAT COMPLETELY
BALANCES THE WEIGHT OF
AN OBJECT AT REST
WEIGHT
THE FORCE ON A BODY DUE TO
THE GRAVITATIONAL
ATTRACTION OF ANOTHER BODY
Newton’s second law of motion- force and acceleration
CHAPTER 5
Air resistance
 Friction, or drag, that acts on something moving
through the air.
Fluid
 Anything that flows, in particular, any liquid or
gas.
Free-body diagram
 A diagram showing all the forces acting on an
object.
Inversely
 When two values change in opposite directions,
so that if one is doubled the other is reduced to
one half, they are said to be inversely
proportional to each other.
Newton’s second law
 The acceleration produced by a net force on a
body is directly proportional to the magnitude of
the net force, is in the same direction as the net
force, and is inversely proportional to the mass
of the body.
Pascal
 The SI unit of pressure. One Pascal of pressure
exerts a normal force of one Newton per square
meter.
Pressure
 Force per surface area where the force is normal
to the surface; measured in Pascals.
Terminal Velocity
 Terminal speed together with the direction
(down for falling objects).
Terminal speed
 The speed at which the acceleration of a falling
object is zero because friction balances the
weight.
Key Terms
CHAPTER SIX
 One of the pair of forces described in
Newton’s Third Law
 Action Force
 A mutual action between objects where each
object exerts an equal but opposite force on
the other
 Interaction
 Whenever one body exerts a force on another
body the second body exerts an equal and
opposite force on the first
 Newton’s Third Law
 The force that is equal in strength and
opposite in direction to the action force,
which acts simultaneously on whatever is
exerting the action force
 Reaction Force
Chapter 7 Vocabulary
MOMENTUM
Electric charge that remains unchanged during interactions
CONSERVED
Colliding objects rebound without lasting deformation or heat
generation
ELASTIC COLLISION
Product of force and time interval during which force acts
IMPULSE
Colliding objects become distorted and\or generate heat during the
collision
INELASTIC COLLISION
Absence of a net external force, the momentum of an object or system
of objects is unchanged
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
Product of mass and the velocity of an object
-Has Magnitude and direction
MOMENTUM (LINEAR MOMENTUM)
Chapter 8 Vocabulary
ENERGY
Useful work output divided by the total work input
EFFICIENCY
Enables an object to do something
ENERGY
Pivot point
FULCRUM
SI unit of work
JOULE
Energy of motion equal to half the mass, multiplied by the speed
squared
KINETIC ENERGY
Energy can’t be created or destroyed
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
Machine made of bar that turns about a fixed point
LEVER
Device used to multiple forces or simply to change direction of forces
MACHINE
Ratio of output force to the input
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Energy due to position or movement of something
MECHANICAL ENERGY
Stored and held in readiness
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Rate at which work is done or energy is transformed, equal
to the work done or energy transformed divided by time
-Measured in Watts
POWER
Kind of lever used to change direction of a force
PULLEY
SI unit of power
WATT
The product of a force of an object and the distance through which the
object is moved
WORK
States that whenever work is done, energy changes
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
CHAPTER 9
Shawna Foyle, Brittany Pyeritz, Mark Shandrick
AXiS
 The straight line around which an
object may rotate or revolve.
 A horizontal or vertical reference line in a graph
CENTRiFUGAL FORCE
• The outward force on a rotating
or revolving body
- Fictitious (made up)
CENTRiPETAL FORCE
• The center directed force that causes
an object to move in a curved path
Linear Speed
• The path of distance moved per unit
of time
- Aka speed
Revolution
• Motion of an object turning around
an axis outside the object
Rotation
•The spinning motion that takes place
when an object rotates about an axis
- Located within the object
Rotational
Speed
• The number of rotations or
revolutions per unit of time
- Measured in revolutions per minute
- RPM
Tangential
Speed
•The speed of an object moving
around a circular path
CHAPTER 10
Center of
Gravity
•Point at the center of an objects
weight distribution where the force of
gravity can be considered to act
Center of Mass
•Point at the center of an objects mass
distribution where all its mass can be
considered to be concentrated
Neutral
Equilibrium
•The state of an object balanced so any
small movement neither raises nor
lowers its center of gravity
Stable
Equilibrium
•The state of an object balanced so that
any small displacement or rotation raises
the center of gravity
Unstable
Equilibrium
The state of an object balance so any
small displacement or rotation lowers
center of gravity
By Steve Schott
Nick Pesanka
&
Jake Pulsifer
VOCAB FOR CHPT. !!-!2
Ch. 11
Angular
momentum
Ch. 11
The production of
rotational inertia and
rotational velocity.
Ch. 11
LAW OF
CONSERVATION
OF ANGULAR
MOMENTUM
Ch. 11
If no unbalanced external
torque acts on a rotating
system the angular
momentum of that system is
constant.
Ch. 11
LEVER ARM
Ch. 11
The perpendicular distance
between an axis and the line
of action of a force that
tends to produce rotation
about the axis.
Ch. 11
Linear
momentum
Ch. 11
Product of the mass
and the velocity of an
object, a.k.a.
momentum
Ch. 11
Rotational
inertia
Ch.11
The reluctance of an object to
change its state of rotation,
determined by the distribution of
the mass of the object in the
location of the axis of rotation or
revolution.
Ch. 11
Rotational
Velocity
Ch. 11
Rotational speed together
with a direction for the
axis of rotation or
revolution.
Ch. 11
The rotational analog of force is _______.
Hint:
Tends to produce rotational
acceleration.
Ch. 11
Torque
DUH.
Moving to Ch. 12
Inverse
Square
law
Ch. 12
The weakening of
gravity with
distance.
Ch. 12
Which law states that:
Every object attracts every other object with a
force that for any two objects is directly
proportional to the mass of each object.
Ch. 12
Law of
universal
gravitation
Ch. 12
Perturbatio
n
Ch.12
The deviation of an orbiting
object from its path around a
center of force caused by
the action of an additional
center of force.
Ch. 12
Universal
Gravitational
Constant
Ch.12
A constant G in the equation
for Newton’s law of universal
gravitation; measures the
strength of gravity.
CH 32& 33.
Holl Ball Madeja
&
Kelsey Lloyd
Electrical Forces.
 A force that one charge exerts on another.
Electrostatics.
 Electricity at rest.
Charge.
 The attracting and repelling behavior.
Conservation of Charge.
 Charge is not created or destroyed but can
be transferred.
Coulomb’s Law.
 F = k q1 – q2 / d^2
Coulomb.
 SI unit for charge.
Conductors.
 Good for the motion of electrical charges.
Insulators.
 Poor conductors of electricity.
Semiconductors.
 Behaves sometimes as insulators&
sometimes as conductors.
Superconductors.
 At temps near absolute zero these
materials require infinite conductivity.
Induced.
 Electrical charge that distributes on
another object because of a nearby charge.
Induction.
 The charging of an object without direct
conduct.
Grounding.
 Allowing charges to move freely along a
connection between a conductor and the
ground.
Electrically Polarized.
 Charges are aligned so that one side is
slightly more positive than negative.
Electric field.
 A force field around every electrical charge
or any group of charges.
Electrical Potential Energy.
 Energy a charge has due to it’s location in
an electric field.
Electric Potential.
 Electric potential energy per coulomb at a
location in an electric field.
Volt.
 SI unit for electric potential.
Voltage.
 Electric potential.
Capacitor.
 A device where electrical energy can be
stored.
Ac current that repeatedly changes direction
SI unit for electrical current
An electircal device that restricts the current to flow in
one direction
Dc current that moves in only one direction
The flow of electric charge, measured in amps
The rate at which electrical energy in converted into
another form of energy
Resistance of a material to the flow of an electric
current
SI unit for electrical current
The Statement that the current in a circuit is
directly proportional to the voltage impressed
across the circuit, and is inversely proportional
to the resistance of the circiuit
The difference in electrical potential
Any Path along which electrons can flow
Forms branches that electrical current can travel along
to get to the devices
Single path for the flow of electricity
Devices that are connected to the same two spots
so that the current can flow through each device
individually
A diagram of a circuit that uses symbols to show
devices
A circuit that in which the flow of electricity must flow
through each device in turn