Transcript 8th Grade Science Essential Vocabulary

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Gases surrounding Earth.
The average weather over a long period
of time.
Climate
The movement of air due to different
pressures
Wind
Violent destructive whirling wind
accompanied by a funnel-shaped cloud
that moves over a narrow path over land.
Violent wind storm.
Tornado
A storm with lightening and thunder.
Thunderstorm
A white or gray mass in the sky that is
made of many very small drops of water
or water crystals.
Cloud
Small drops of water that form on a cold
surface.
Condensation
Water that falls to the ground as rain, snow,
sleet or hail.
Precipitation
To change from liquid to gas form.
Evaporation
The passage of watery vapor from a living
body, such as a plant through a
membrane.
Transpiration
The action or process of making air dirty
and unsafe.
Air Pollution
A dramatic change in Earth’s Climate and
past when a large part of the world was
covered in ice.
Ice Age
The weight of the air in the Earth’s
Atmosphere.
Air Pressure
The transfer of thermal energy by
electromagnetic waves.
Radiation
The transfer of thermal energy due to
collisions between particles
Conduction
The circulation of particles within a material
caused by differences in thermal energy
and density.
Convection
Caused by certain gases in the
atmosphere that entrap infrared
radiation which warms the Earth and
lower atmosphere.
Greenhouse Effect
The apparent deflection of moving object.
That all wind blows straight, but appears
to blow curved.
Coriolis Effect
A wind that blows almost constantly to the
west and towards the equator.
Trade Winds
A strong current of fast winds high above
the Earth’s surface.
Jet Stream
The state of the air and atmosphere at a
particular time and place.
Weather
The amount of moisture in the air.
Humidity
The ratio of the amount of water vapor
actually present in the air to the greatest
temperature of the day.
Relative Humidity
A body of air with horizontally uniform
temperature, humidity, and pressure
Can extend hundreds miles horizontally
and sometimes as high as the
stratosphere.
Air Mass
The boundary of air in-between two
different densities.
Front
An extreme large, powerful, and
destructive story with very high winds
that turn around an area of low pressure.
Cyclone
Winds that turn around an area of high
pressure and can often bring clear dry
air.
Anticyclone
Water in the form of a gas
Water Vapor
An instrument used for measuring
temperature; Measures the amount of
movement particles.
Thermometer
Instrument used to measure air pressure
and predict changes in the weather.
Barometer
An instrument for measuring and indicating
the force or speed and sometimes
direction of the wind.
Anemometer
The height of something above earth.
Elevation
A major ecological community type
Biome
A local climate of usually small site or
habitat.
Microclimate
The theory that include:
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells come from only other living cells
3. Basic unit and structure of life
Cell Theory
Basic unit of life; Building block of all life
Cell
The semi permeable lining that allows
things to flow in and out of the cell.
Cell Membrane
Specialized cellular part
Organelle
The central part of most cells that contains
the genetic material; Controls cell
functions.
Nucleus
Unicellular microorganisms that lack a
distinct nucleus and no membrane
bound organelles.
Prokaryote
Have a nucleus that contains the cells
DNA; and membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryote
The usually rigid nonliving permeable wall
that surrounds the plasma membrane
and supports plant cells.
Cell Wall
Small organelles that are the sites of
protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Transports materials within the cell.
Endoplasmatic Reticulum
Organelle that produces energy for the
cell through cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
Vesicles that assist in active transportation
and modification and transport of
proteins.
Golgi Body
Organelle that is responsible for breaking
down old organelles
Lysosomes
A material that is made of the same types
of cells.
Tissue
Organelle that is the place of
Photosynthesis in a plant cell and
contains chlorophyll.
Chloroplast
The green substance in plants that makes it
possible for them to make food from
carbon dioxide and water.
Chlorophyll
Allowing liquids or gases to pass through
Permeable
Substance that carries genetic information
in the cells of plants and animals.
DNA
Cellular division which results into two new
cells having the same number of
chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
Mitosis
Cellular process that results in the number
of chromosomes in gamete producing
cells in which the daughter cells have
half of the parents chromosomes.
Meiosis
The process where particles, liquids and
gases move across a region of higher to
lower concentration.
Diffusion
The process that causes a liquid to pass
through the wall of living cell, mainly
water.
Osmosis
The movement of materials across a
membrane without the use of energy.
Passive Transport
The movement of particles and materials
across a membrane that requires
energy.
Active Transport
The process in which a substance gains
entry into a cell without passing through
the cell membrane.
Endocytosis
The release of cellular substances
contained by vesicles by using fusion
with the cellular membrane.
Exocytosis
The process by which a green plant turns
water and carbon dioxide into
food(glucose).
Photosynthesis
The process by which an organism uses
food to produce energy. The products
are water and Carbon Dioxide.
Cellular Respiration
An anaerobic breakdown of an energy
rich compound. Without oxygen.
Fermentation
The part of the cell that contains the genes
which control how an animal or plant
grows and what it becomes.
Chromosomes
Having the same allelic genes with the
same arranged order.
Homologous
Part of the body that has a particular
function.
Organ
A group of organs that work together to
perform a function.
Organ System
An individual living thing.
Organism
A relatively stable state of equilibrium or
tendency toward such a state between
the different interdependent elements.
Homeostasis
The passage of liquid water from a living
body, such as a sweat from our armpits
Perspiration
The outer layer of an animal.
Epidermis
Any one of the tubes that carry blood from
the heart to all parts of the body.
Artery
On of the many VERY small tubes that carry
blood within the body. Smallest kind of
blood vessels.
Capillary
Any one of the tubes that carry blood from
parts of the body back to the heart.
Vein
The artery that conveys blood from the
heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary Artery
The movement of blood through the body
that is caused by pumping action of the
heart.
Circulation
The part of the cardiovascular system that
carries oxygenated blood away from the
heart and returns deoxygenated blood
back to the heart.
Systematic Circulation
The red liquid that flows through the bodies
of people and animals.
Blood
The pressure exerted by circulating blood
upon the walls of blood vessels and is
one of the principal vital signs.
Blood Pressure
A pale fluid that contains white blood cells
that passes through channels in the body
and helps to keep bodily tissues healthy.
Lymph
One of the many rounded masses of tissue
in the body through which lymph passes
to be filtered and cleaned.
Lymph Node
A glandular structure of largely lymphoid
tissue that functions especially in the
development of the bodies immune
systems.
Thymus
Organ located near your stomach that
destroys worn out red blood cells and
produces white blood cells.
Spleen
The act of breathing; The physical and
chemical process by which an organism
supplies its cells and tissues with oxygen
needed for metabolism and to produce
energy.
Respiration
The part of your mouth where the
passages of the nose connect to your
mouth and throat.
Pharynx
Voice box;
Larynx
A long tube in your neck and chest that
carries air into and out of your lungs.
Trachea
The two primary divisions of the trachea
that lead respectively into the right and
left lung.
Bronchus
A small air containing compartment of the
lungs in which the bronchioles terminate
and from which respiratory gases are
exchanged with the pulmonary
capillaries.
Alveolus
The tube that leads from the mouth
through the throat to the stomach.
Esophagus
A large gland of the body that is near the
stomach and that produces insulin and
other substances that help the body
digest food.
Pancreas
A large vascular organ that secretes bile
and causes important changes in many
of the substances contained in the
blood.
Liver
The organ in the body which bile from the
liver is stored.
Gallbladder
Either of two organs in the your body that
remove waste products from your blood
and make urine.
Kidney
A cell that carries messages between the
brain and other parts of the body and
that is the basic unit of the nervous
system.
Neuron
The one of many thin parts that control
movement and feeling carrying
messages between the brain and other
parts of the body.
Nerve
The tissue at the back of the eye that
receives images and sends signals to the
brain about what is seen.
Retina
The part of the inner ear that contains the
endings of the nerve that carries
information about sound to the brain.
Cochlea
Natural substance that is produced in the
body and that influences the way the
body grows or develops.
Hormones
The usually long and single nerve-cell
process that usually conducts impulses
away from the cell body.
Axon
The ability of an organism to reproduce on
its own, by itself.
Asexual Reproduction
Male and female needed to reproduce.
Sexual Reproduction
Animal reproductive body consisting of an
ovum together with its nutritive and
protective envelope.
Egg
A cell that is produced by a male and
used for reproduction.
Sperm
A human or animal in the early stages of
development.
Embryo
A human being or animal in the later
stages of development before its born.
Fetus/Baby
A microscopic single-celled organism
found in many environments
Bacteria
Animal-like protists that eat other organisms
or decaying parts of other organisms
Protozoa
Something that causes disease
Pathogen
A substance produced by the body to
fight disease.
Antibody
Caused by autoantibodies or T cells that
attack molecules, cells or tissues of the
organism producing them.
Autoimmune
A preparation of a portion of a pathogen's
structure that upon administration
stimulates antibody production or
cellular immunity against the pathogen
Vaccines
A serious disease by cells that are not
normal and that can spread to one of
the many parts of the body.
Cancer
The substances in which plant and animals
need to live and grow.
Nutrient
Natural process by which physical and
mental qualities are passed from parent
to child.
Heredity
A genetic trait that is expressed in a pers
on who has only one copy of a gene.
Dominant Trait
When two copies of the same genetic
material are present.
Recessive Trait
Any of the alternative forms of a gene that
may occur at the given location.
Allele
The observable properties of an organism
that are produced by the interaction of
the genotypes and environment.
Phenotype
All or part of the genetic constitution of an
individual or group.
Genotype
The history of the family members in a
persons family or animals past.
Pedigree
Any several compounds that consist of a
ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a
purine base and to a phosphate group.
Nucleotide
A change in genes of a plant or animal
that causes physical characteristics that
are different from normal.
Mutation
The things that you do to keep yourself and
your surroundings clean in order to
maintain good health.
Hygiene
a general term for the research activity
that creates a copy of some biological
entity (a gene or organism or cell)
Cloning
A substance that carries genetic
information in the cells of plants and
animals.
DNA
A substance in the cells of plants and
animals that helps make proteins.
RNA
a disease in which there is usually too
much sugar in the blood
Diabetes
An individual living thing made up of one
or many cells that is capable of growing
and reproducing
Organism
A substance found in foods that is
important of the human diet.
Protein
The act or process of moving
Motion
The rate at which someone or something
moves.
Speed
The rate of change of position along a
straight line with respect to time.
Velocity
The act or process of moving faster; The
rate at which speed of moving object
changes over time. Change of velocity.
Acceleration
Physical strength, power or effect; Energy
exerted or brought to bear
Force
The unit of force in the meter-kilogramsecond system equal to the force
required to impart an acceleration of
one meter per second to a mass of one
kilogram.
Newton
The force that causes a moving object to
slow down when it is touching another
object.
Friction
The natural force that tends to cause
objects to move towards each other;
causes things to fall towards earth.
Gravity
How much something weighs, the
heaviness of an object.
Weight
The property of a body that causes it to
have weight in a gravitational field.
Amount of matter in an object.
Mass
The velocity when a falling object is no
longer accelerating; The force due to
gravity is equal to the opposing force of
air resistance.
Terminal Velocity
Is any motion of a body where its weight is
the only force acting upon it.
Free Fall
Is a form of motion in which an object or
particle is thrown near the earth’s
surface.
Projectile Motion
The property of matter by which it retains
its state of rest or its velocity along a
straight line so long as it is not acted
upon by an external force.
Inertia
The force or speed of movement; The
product of mass and velocity.
Momentum
The first object in relation to a second
object.
Reference Point
The location of an object at a particular
place and time.
Position
The properties of attraction possessed by
magnets.
Magnetism
The energy of a body or a system with
respect to the motion of the body or
particles in the system.
Kinetic Energy
The energy of a body or a system with
respect to the position of the body of the
arrangement of the particles of the
system.
Potential Energy
Sum of potential energy and kinetic
energy.
Mechanical Energy
A non motorized device that changes the
direction of force to ease work.
Simple Machines
Any type of liquid or solid water that falls to
Earth’s surface such as rain, snow, or hail
Precipitation
Two or more simple machines working
together.
Compound Machine
Materials that nourish the body
Nutrient
The continuous process by which carbon is
exchanged between organisms and the
environment
Carbon Cycle
The continuous movement of water in
Earth, through its atmosphere, and in
living things on Earth
Water Cycle
Cannot be created or destroyed, but can
change forms. The ability to do work.
Energy
Product of force on an object.
Work
The process of change over time
Evolution
To push with force; To make a sudden,
strong forward movement.
Thrust
To move something to a higher position;
rise up from the ground
Lift
A principle in hydrodynamics: pressure in a
stream of fluid is reduced as the speed
of the flow is increased.
Bernoulli’s Principle
Indicates that the upward buoyant force
that is exerted on a body immersed in a
fluid whether fully or partially submerged
is equal to the weight of the fluid that the
body displaces.
Archimedes Principle
Unit of measure for electrical power.
Watt
A surface that makes an oblique angle
with a plane of the horizon.
Inclined Plane
A wheel or set of wheels that is used with a
rope, chain, etc. To lift or lower heavy
objects.
Pulley
A bar that is used to lift and move
something heavy.
Lever
One of the round parts underneath a car
or wagon that rolls and allows something
to move.
Wheel
Is the principle of fluid mechanics that
states that pressure exerted anywhere in
a confined incompressible fluid in
transmitted equally in all directions.
Pascal’s Principle
A metal fastener having a tapered shank
with a helical thread and topped with a
slotted head.
Screw
A simple machine that has two faces at an
acute angle.
Wedge
The SI unit of work or energy, equal to work
done by a force of one newton when its
point of application moves through a
distance or one meter in the direction of
the force.
Joule
To draw with force, effort or difficulty; pull
heavily or slowly along.
Drag
Law stating that energy can not be
created or destroyed, but can change
forms.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Capable of flowing freely like water.
Fluid
The weight or force that is produced when
something presses or pushes against
something else.
Pressure
The time and rate at which work is done or
energy emitted or transferred; supplying
energy; physical might
Power
A piece of equipment with moving parts
that dies work when it is given power
from electricity, gasoline, etc.
Machine
A phagocytic tissue cell of the immune
system that may be fixed or freely motile;
Functions as a way destroy bacteria and
viruses.
Macrophage
A substance produced by the body to
fight a disease.
Antibody
A medical condition that causes someone
to become sick after eating, touching, or
breathing something that is harmless to
most people.
Allergy
A drug that affects the brain and that is
usually dangerous and illegal.
Narcotic
The process by which some organisms use
light energy to join carbon dioxide and
water to make nutrients
Photosynthesis
The unhealthy condition that results from
not eating enough food or not eating
enough healthy food.
Malnutrition
The SI unit of pressure or stress, equal to
one newton per square meter.
Pascal
the condition of being abnormally
dependent on some habit
Addiction
an extremely large, powerful, and
destructive storm with very strong winds
Best team at NCMS
Hurricane
dominant prevailing wind patterns that
blow in a fairly constant, steady direction
across our earth
Global Winds