Alimentary Canal Notes
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Transcript Alimentary Canal Notes
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Peritoneum: Membrane of the abdominal cavity
Parietal Peritoneum covers
the abdominal wall
Visceral Peritoneum covers
the inner organs
Branching from the peritoneum:
Lesser omentum—
attaches the liver to the
lesser curvature of
stomach
Greater omentum:
(Apron) Contains fat to
insulate, cushion, and
protect abdominal organs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Digestive System Functions
Ingestion—taking in food
Digestion—breaking food down both physically
and/or chemically
Absorption—movement of nutrients into the
bloodstream
Defecation—rids the body of indigestible waste
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs of the Digestive System
Two main groups of organs
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI
tract)—continuous coiled hollow tube from
mouth to anus
Accessory digestive organs (aid in digestion
but food does not pass through)
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Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Four layers
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
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Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Mucosa
Innermost, moist membrane , smooth muscle
layer
Submucosa
Just beneath the mucosa, contains blood
vessels and nerve endings
Muscularis externa—smooth muscle
Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal
layer
Serosa—outer membrane
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Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Lips (labia)—protect the
anterior opening
Cheeks—form the lateral
walls
Hard palate—forms the
anterior roof
Soft palate—forms the
posterior roof
Uvula—fleshy projection of
the soft palate
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Mouth Physiology
Ingestion
Mastication (chewing) of food
Mixing masticated food with saliva
Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
Allows for the sense of taste
Enzymes from salivary glands are secreted here
Digestion begins here
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Pharynx Anatomy (REVIEW)
Nasopharynx—not part of
the digestive system
Oropharynx—posterior to
oral cavity
Laryngopharynx—below
the oropharynx and
connected to the
esophagus
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Pharynx Physiology
Serves as a passageway for air and food
Food is propelled to the esophagus by two
muscle layers
Longitudinal inner layer
Circular outer layer
Food movement is by alternating contractions of
the muscle layers (peristalsis)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvi
deos/000097.htm
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Esophagus Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
About 10 inches long
Runs from pharynx to stomach through the
diaphragm
Physiology
Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic
squeezing; a wave-like movement of smooth
muscles)
Passageway for food only (respiratory system
branches off after the pharynx)
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Stomach Anatomy
Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
Food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter
Contain Rugae—internal folds of the mucosa
Food empties into the small intestine at the pyloric
sphincter (valve)
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Stomach Physiology
Temporary storage tank for food
Enzymes released here
Digestion occurs here
Hydrochloric Acid produced here
Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small
intestine
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Subdivisions of the Small Intestine
Duodenum
Attached directly to the stomach
Jejunum
Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
Ileum
End portion of the small intestine extends
from jejunum to large intestine
http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.
cfm?id=1&debug=0
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Small Intestine Anatomy
Structural modifications
that increase surface area
Microvilli—tiny
projections of the
plasma membrane
(create a brush border
appearance)
Villi—fingerlike
structures formed by
the mucosa
Circular folds (plicae
circulares)—deep folds
of mucosa and
submucosa
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Small Intestine Anatomy
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Large Intestine
No digestion here
Absorption occurs here
Larger in diameter, but shorter in length, than the
small intestine
Frames the internal abdomen
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Large Intestine Anatomy
Cecum—saclike first part of the large intestine
Appendix
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that
sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis)
Hangs from the cecum
Nursery for important digestive bacteria
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Large Intestine Anatomy
No villi present
Goblet cells produce alkaline mucus which
lubricates the passage of feces
Muscularis externa layer is reduced to three
bands of muscle called teniae coli
These bands cause the wall to pucker into haustra
(pocketlike sacs)
Bacteria produce Vitamins
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Large Intestine Anatomy
Colon
Ascending—travels up
right side of abdomen
Transverse—travels
across the abdominal
cavity
Descending—travels
down the left side
Sigmoid—enters the
pelvis
Rectum and anal canal—
also in pelvis
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Large Intestine Anatomy
Anus—opening of the large intestine
Double sphincter
These sphincters are normally closed except
during defecation
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