Transcript atmo 352 ch 7

Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
1.9 mb/km
115G150 knots
Figure 7.4
.1 mb/km
40G65 knots
Figure 7.5
Figure 7.6
Figure 7.7
Figure 7.8
Figure 7.9
Four facts about Coriolis: Pg. 133
What about Friction Balance? (Whiteboard)
Figure 7.10
NearGeostrophic
Balance
Figure 7.11
Jet Stream vs. Jet Streak
Figure 7.12
Figure 7.13
Key: What
main concept
explains the
existence of
the Jet
Stream?
Famous Palmen and Newton Conceptual Model
Table 7.1
Table 7.1
Newton’s second law for horizontal and vertical motions
(PGF denotes the pressure gradient force)
Type of Motion
Newton’s Second law
Horizontal motions above the
boundary layer
Acceleration = Horizontal PGF +
Coriolis Force
Horizontal motions within the
boundary layer
Acceleration = Horizontal PGF +
Coriolis Force + Friction
Vertical motions
Acceleration = Vertical PGF +
Gravity
Table 7.2 part 1
Table 7.2: Summary of the properties of forces acting on air in the Earth’s atmosphere
Force
Direction in
which force acts
Strength
depends on
Effect on air
Balances
Vertical Pressure
Gradient Force
Upward, from
higher to lower
pressure
Magnitude of
the vertical
pressure
gradient
Accelerates air
vertically
toward lower
pressure
Hydrostatic
balance when
equal and
opposite to
gravitational
force
Horizontal Pressure
gradient force
Horizontally,
from higher to
lower pressure
Magnitude of
the horizontal
pressure
gradient
Accelerates air
horizontally
Geostrophic
balance when
equal and
opposite to
Coriolis force
Coriolis Force
To the right (left)
of the wind
direction in the
Northern
(Southern)
Hemisphere
Wind speed
and latitude
Affects wind
direction, but no
effect on wind
speed
Geostrophic
balance when
equal and
opposite to
horizontal
pressure
gradient force
Table 7.2 part 2
Table 7.2 continued
Summary of the properties of forces acting on air in the Earth’s atmosphere
Force
Frictional force
Gravitational force
Direction in
which force acts
Strength
depends on
Effect on air
Opposite the
direction of the
flow
The roughness
of the
underlying
surface
Reduces air
velocity,
important
primarily in
boundary layer
Toward the
center of the
earth
Essentially
constant in the
troposphere
Accelerates air
downward
Balances
_________
Hydrostatic
balance when
equal and
opposite to
vertical
pressure
gradient
force.