Transcript Crohn`s Disease

Gastrointestinal system
Front and center
maggots…my name is
GI Joe and it’s time to
learn about the GI
system.
Overview of the GI
• The human body, like any other organism
requires, vitamins and nutrients to survive. The
Gastrointestinal system is responsible for turning
the food you eat, into broken down nutrients your
body can absorb.
Let’s go
through the
process!
•From the time of entrance to the body from the
mouth to the exit of waste through the rectum
and anus; The food (in its many states) goes
through a long process involving several organs
and muscle tissues.
The Beginning of it All
• The digestive process starts with the mouth.
• Once the food enters the mouth, it is almost immediately broken down into a smaller,
more lubricated mass called a bolus.
– The food becomes a bolus when the teeth and saliva work together
in “processing” it from its solid state.
– The enzyme amylase is present in saliva during this stage to help
break down the starch in the food.
• When the food is ready to be swallowed, it begins its second stage in the GI process…
The Esophagus
• The bolus eventually moves through
the esophagus which is a long tube that
consists of smooth muscle.
• Through the action of peristalsis, the
bolus is able to reach the stomach.
– Peristalsis is the wave-like
muscle contractions that
mechanically move the bolus.
Quiz time!
• What enzyme is present in saliva to help break down
starch?
• What are the wave-like contractions that move the
bolus through the esophagus?
I wanna see A’s
from all you
maggots or you
can drop and
give me 20!
The Stomach
• Once the bolus finishes its journey through the esophagus, it finds itself in the
stomach.
• The stomach is the organ in which the food is actually turned into a different state of
matter, liquid
– This liquid is called chyme.
• Upon entering the stomach, gastric glands are triggered to secrete 400 to 800 ml of
gastric fluid. This gastric fluid is comprised of four main types of cells…
The Gland/Gastric Cells
PARIETAL CELLS
• Contain hydrochloric acid that enters the stomach to break down
the food.
CHIEF CELLS
• Secrete pepsinogen, which is closely related to the enzyme
pepsin. Pepsinogen helps break down the amino acid protein
chains for easier digestion.
Hormone Secreting Cells
• Release the hormone gastrin that also helps break down the
food.
Mucus Secreting Cells
• Prevent damage to the stomach lining by releasing mucus.
Mucus serves as a base to neutralize the stomach acid,
preventing injuries such as ulcers.
Quiz time!
• How much gastric fluid is secreted into the stomach for
digestion?
• What prevents the stomach lining from being damaged by
acid?
The Small Intestine
• After being digested, the chyme passes through the beginning of the small
intestine called the duodenum.
• During this period of time, nutrients and water are secreted through the
linings of the small intestine and into the blood stream.
The Gall Bladder and Liver
• Both the gall bladder and liver are active
while the chyme is in the duodenum.
• During this period hormones are secreted
that cause the gall bladder to release a
substance called bile.
– Bile is a substance made in the liver and
stored in the gall bladder that helps further
break down lipids.
• The liver also has the key function of
filtering nutrients in the blood stream
after they have been secreted through the
intestinal walls.
The Large Intestine
• After all nutrients and water have been absorbed from the chyme, it begins to work
its way through the Large Intestine.
– Here chyme turns into fecal matter.
• Water is reabsorbed into the fecal matter to help the final excretory process.
• Finally the fecal matter reaches the rectum (the last 15cm of the large intestine)
and with the help of smooth muscles, called sphincter muscles, it is pushed
through to the anus.
QUIZ TIME!
• From where in the small intestine are hormones released?
• What two functions does the liver have in this process?
• What is the main function of the large intestine?
Crohn’s Disease
WHAT IS CROHN’S
DISEASE?
• An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Lifelong
• Ulcers in the intestines
WHAT CAUSES
CROHN’S?
• The cause of the disease is still unknown
– Possible explanations include the immune system having an
abnormal response to normal bacteria in the intestines
• Crohn’s can run in the family
SYMPTOMS
TREATMENT
• Some treatments include over the
• Stomach pain
counter medicines (if mild) or
• Diarrhea (possibly 10-20 times
prescription medicines to control
a day)
more severe inflammation
• Weight loss
• Surgery can remove part of the
• Mouth sores
intestine, but the disease often
comes back
• Anal fissures (tears)
• People living with Crohn’s disease
• Fistulas (openings) between
should not smoke, must eat a highorgans
calorie, high-protein diet, and should
• Excessive vomiting
exercise and stay in shape
• Chron’s cannot be cured, any
HOW IS IT
treatment methods are to help
coping with the disease only
• Diagnosis of Crohn’s disease is
DIAGNOSED?
done through taking Barium x- • People with Crohn’s often
experiment with alternative
rays of small intestine/colon,
treatment methods including
colonscopy, biopsy, or stool
massage therapy, and the use of
analysis
certain herbs and vitamins
Acid Reflux (GERD)
WHAT IS GERD?
•
•
•
Liquid content of stomach regurgitates up into the esophagus
Inflames/damages the lining
– Liquid contains pepsin and acid, sometimes bile
Chronic and usually lifelong
WHAT CAUSES ACID
REFLUX?
• Abnormalities of the lower esophageal sphincter
– LES is a muscular ring that is actively contracting and closing off the
passage from the esophagus into the stomach
– Abnormally weak contraction
– Abnormal or transient LES relaxations
– Laxity
•
•
Hiatal hernias
Esophageal contractions
– Defective peristalsis
SYMPTOMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heartburn
Regurgitation
Nausea
Ulcers
Strictures
Barrett’s esophagus
Cough and asthma
Inflammation of the throat and
larynx
• Fluid in the sinuses and middle
ear
HOW IS IT
DIAGNOSED?
• Heartburn
• Endoscopy, biopsies, x-rays
• Examination of the throat and
larynx
• Esophageal acid testing, gastric
emptying, acid perfusion tests
TREATME
NT
• Elevate the upper body while sleeping
• Elimination of certain foods from the diet
– Chocolate, peppermint, alcohol, caffeinated drinks
•
•
•
•
•
Antacids
Histamine antagonists (Tagamet)
Proton-pump inhibitor (Prilosec)
Pro-motility drugs (Reglan)
Surgery
– Approximately 80% of patients will have goodexcellent relief of symptoms for 5-10 years
Quiz time!
• How does a colonoscopy to test for Crohn’s disease work?
• What can prescription medicines do to treat Crohn’s disease?
• Why is the Lower Esophageal Sphincter so important to Acid
Reflux?
• What is Barrett’s Esophagus?
PEPTIC ULCERS
WHAT ARE PEPTIC
To help the body with digestion, the stomach produces acid.
ULCERS?
The duodenum, a part of the small intestine, and the lining
of the stomach is responsible for regulating the amount of
acid. When these two do not function correctly, acid eats
into the stomach lining causing peptic ulcers
Here is the
etiology,
symptoms, and
treatments of
peptic ulcers…pay
attention
weaklings!
ETIOLO
GY
•Infection of the stomach with a
bacteria called H.Plyori. This
bacteria causes the stomach to
produce too much acid.
•Medicines, drinking, and smoking
are also causes of peptic ulcers.
SYMPTOMS
•
•
•
•
TREATME
NT
• Medicine
abdominal pain
– H-2 Blockers such as
bloating or fullness
Zantac and Tagamet
– Protein Pump Inhibitors
nausea and excessive vomiting
water brash (a rush of saliva • Self-help
– Limiting amounts of spicy
after regurgitation to dilute the
foods, coffee, or alcohol.
acid in the esophagus)
– Avoid taking painkillers
that commonly lead to
• vomiting of blood
ulcers
– No Smoking!
Pay
attention
!
CIRRHOSIS
WHAT IS CIRRHOSIS OF THE
•The liver slowly deteriorates and malfunctions due to chronic injury
LIVER?
•Not trauma related
–Caused by long-lasting disease/injuries
•Scar tissue replaces healthy tissue, partially blocking blood flow through the liver
ETIOLO
•Alcohol-related diseases
GY
•Chronic hepatitis
•Drugs
•Toxins
•infections
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2
2lZeKoHeeA
SYMPTOMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
weakness
fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Weight-loss
Appearance of spider-like blood
vessels on the skin
• itching
TREATME
NT
• Eat a nutritional diet
– It is a good idea to
avoid raw shellfish!
– Avoid alcohol and
other illicit substances
• Mineral and vitamin
supplements
Make sure
your liver
looks like the
healthy one
on the left!
QUIZ TIME!
•What is the bacteria that is the most common cause for
peptic ulcers?
•Which one is not a treatment for peptic ulcers?
–Limiting amounts of spicy foods
–No smoking
–Eating foods high in acidity
–Avoid taking painkillers
QUIZ TIME!
•
Which of the following is not a common symptom of
cirrhosis of the liver?
–
–
–
Weight gain
Itching
Lethargy
• What type of tissue replaces the healthy tissue?