Transcript Jason

Digestive System
By: Jason Soto
bibliography
http://pathology.jhu.edu/pc/BasicOverview1.php
• http://pathology.jhu.edu/pc/BasicOverview
1.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_mucus_plug
http://www.enzymeessentials.com/HTML/print_tour.html
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-gallbladder
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/bile-duct-obstruction/overview.html
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090105154600AAzJ1xb
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Salivary+amylase
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Salivary+amylase
http://jmgreer71.wordpress.com/2012/05/02/unit-4-compilation/
• The body opening through which an animal takes in
food.
• The cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal,
bounded on the outside by the lips and inside by the
oropharynx and containing in higher vertebrates the
tongue, gums, and teeth.
• This cavity regarded as the source of sounds and
speech.
• The opening to any cavity or canal in an organ or a
bodily part.
• The part of the lips visible on the human face.
• A person viewed as a consumer of food: has three
mouths to feed at
Esophagus
• commonly known as the gullet) is an
oragon
• in vertebrates which consists of a
muscular tube through which food passes
from the pharynx to the stomach. During
swallowing, food passes from the mouth
through the pharynx into the esophagus
and travels via peristalsis to the stomach.
Stomach
• The stomach is a muscular organ located
on the left side of the upper abdomen. The
stomach receives food from the
esophagus. As food reaches the end of
the esophagus, it enters the stomach
through a muscular valve called the lower
esophageal sphincter.
Small Intestine
• The small intestine is a tubular structure
within the abdominal cavity that carries the
food in continuation with the stomach up to
the colon from where the large intestin
carries it to the rectum and out of the body
via the anus. The main function of this
organ is to aid in digestion.
Large Intestins
• The large intestine comprises of the second part
of the alimentary canal. The large intestine
consists of the cecum and colon. It begins at the
right iliac region of the pelvis (the region just at
or below the right waist) where is continues from
the small intestine and continues up the
abdomen. Thereafter it traverses across the
width of the abdominal cavity, and then it turns
down, continuing to its endpoint at the anus.
Rectum
• The rectum is about eight inches long and
serves, basically, as a warehouse for
poop. It hooks up with the sigmoid colon to
the north and with the anal canal to the
south.
Anus
• The anus is were you do business from
your back part that is what a anus is.
Liver
• The liver is a large, meaty organ that sits
on the right side of the belly. Weighing
about 3 pounds, the liver is reddish-brown
in color and feels rubbery to the touch.
Normally you can't feel the liver, because
it's protected by the rib cage.
Appendix
• The appendix sits at the junction of the
small intestine and large intestine. It’s a
thin tube about four inches long. Normally,
the appendix sits in the lower right
abdomen.
• The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive
and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both
an endocrine gland producing several important
hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and
somatostatin, as well as an exocrine gland,
secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive
enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These
enzymes help in the further breakdown of the
carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the chyme.
gallbaldder
• The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits
just under the liver. The gallbladder stores
bile produced by the liver. After meals, the
gallbladder is empty and flat, like a
deflated balloon. Before a meal, the
gallbladder may be full of bile and about
the size of a small pear.
enzymes
• Protein structures range in size from tens
to several thousand residues [1] Proteins
are classified by their physical size as
nanoparticles (definition: 1–100 nm). Very
large aggregates can be formed from
protein subunits: for example, many
thousand actin molecules assemble into a
microfilament.
Bile duct
• Bile, required for the digestion of food, is
secreted by the liver into passages that
carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which
joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to
and from the gallbladder) to form the
common bile duct, which opens into the
intestine.
mucus
• Normally during human pregnancy, the mucus is cloudy,
clear, thick, and sticky. Toward the end of the pregnancy,
when the cervix thins, some blood is released into the
cervix which causes the mucus to become bloody. As the
woman gets closer to labor, the mucus plug discharges
as the cervix begins to dilate. The plug may come out as
a plug, a lump, or simply as increased vaginal discharge
over several days. The mucus may be tinged with brown,
pink, or red blood, which is why the event is sometimes
referred to as 'bloody show'. Loss of the mucus plug by
no means implies that delivery or labor is imminent.
Chemical digestion
• It's the chemical breakdown of food into
simpler compounds. Proteins are broken
down to amino acids, carbohydrates are
broken down to simple sugars, and fats
are broken down to fatty acids and
glycerol.
Mechanical digestion
• Answer:
• Once in the stomach, more chemical and mechanical
digestion occurs. The crushing and breaking action of
the stomachs contractions with HCl help not only break
down food, but also lend a hand in converting
pepsinogen to the enzyme pepsin. This enzyme in the
stomach takes the roll of the chemical digester, and
breaks certain peptide bonds, thereby breaking up
proteins in the stomach. Partly digested food from the
stomach now travels to the small intestine, through the
pyloric sphincter, and is know as chyme.
Salivary Amylase
• an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of
starch into smaller carbohydrate
molecules. Alpha-amylase, found in saliva,
pancreatic juice, malt, certain bacteria,
and molds, catalyzes the hydrolysis of
starches to dextrins, maltose, and
maltotriose. Beta-amylase, found in grains,
vegetables, malt, and bacteria, is involved
in the hydrolysis of starch to maltose.
Normal blood findings are 56 to 190 IU/L.
Absorption
• Biology The movement of a substance, such as a liquid or solute,
across a cell membrane by means of diffusion or osmosis.
• Chemistry The process by which one substance, such as a solid or
liquid, takes up another substance, such as a liquid or gas, through
minute pores or spaces between its molecules. A paper towel takes
up water, and water takes up carbon dioxide, by absorption.
Compare adsorption.
• Physics The taking up and storing of energy, such as radiation, light,
or sound, without it being reflected or transmitted. During absorption,
the energy may change from one form into another. When radiation
strikes the electrons in an atom, the electrons move to a higher orbit
or state of excitement by absorption of the radiation's energy.
Villi
• Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are small, fingerlike projections that protrude from the epithelial
lining of the intestinal wall. Each villus is
approximately 0.5-1.6 (millimetres) in length and
has many microvilli (singular: microvillus), each
of which are much smaller than a single villus.
The intestines villi is approximately around
200m2. The Intestinal villi should not be
confused with the larger folds of mucous
membrane in the bowel known as the plicae
circulares. A villus is much smaller than a single
fold of plicae circulares.
Gastrick Juices
• Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the
stomach. It has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5 and is
composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl) (around
0.5%, or 5000 parts per million) as high as 0.1
N[1], and large quantities of potassium chloride
(KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The acid
plays a key role in digestion of proteins, by
activating digestive enzymes, and making
ingested proteins unravel so that digestive
enzymes break down the long chains of amino
acids.
Duodenum
• The duodenum is largely responsible for
the breakdown of food in the small
intestine, using enzymes. Brunner‘s
glands, which secrete mucus, are found in
the duodenum. The duodenum wall is
composed of a very thin layer of cells that
form the muscularis mucosae. The
duodenum is almost entirely
retroperitoneal.
Chyme
• Etymology: Gk, chymos, juice
• the viscous, semifluid contents of the
stomach present during digestion of a
meal. Chyme then passes through the
pylorus into the duodenum, where further
digestion occurs