Transcript Chapter 16 Booklet

Chapter Three Booklet
By: Levi Collins
Section One Vocabulary
• Kinetic Theory: An explanation of how particles
in matter behave.
• Melting Point: The particles of an object gain
enough kinetic energy to slip out of order and
melts
• Heat of Fusion: The amount of energy required
to change a substance from the solid phase to
the liquid phase at its melting point
• Boiling Point: The temperature at which the
pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the
external pressure acting on the surface of the
liquid
Section One Vocabulary
• Heat of Vaporization: The amount of energy
required for the liquid at its boiling point to
become a gas
• Diffusion: The spreading of particles throughout
a given volume until they are uniformly
distributed
• Plasma: Matter consisting of positively and
negatively charged particles
• Thermal Expansion: An increase in the size of a
substance when the temperature is increased
Section One Self-Check
• 1(Q) List the three basic assumptions of
the Kinetic Theory.
• (A) 1. All matter is composed of small
particles (atoms, molecules, and ions).
• 2. These particles are in constant, random
motion.
• 3. These particles are colliding with each
other and the walls of their container.
Section One Self-Check
• 2(Q) Describe the movement of the particles in
solids, liquids, and gases.
• (A) In each of these substances the particles are
constantly moving or vibrating. In solids and
liquids the particles are compact and are
constantly vibrating. In gases the particles are
move more freely. They are far apart and the
attractive forces between the particles is
overcome.
Section One Self-Check
• 3(Q) Describe the movement of the
particle at the melting point of a
substance.
• (A) At the melting point of a substance the
particles are moving so fast and with so
much force that when the particles collide
the electrons from the particles peal off.
Section One Self-Check
• 4.(Q) Describe the movement of the
particles at the boiling point of a
substance.
• (A) As the substance heats up the
particles move faster and with more
energy to over come the external force
pushing down on the substance trying to
keep the particles from escaping.
Section One Self-Check
• 5.(Q) Would the boiling point of water be higher
of lower on the top of a mountain peak? How
would the boiling point be affected in a
pressurized boiler system? Explain.
• (A) The boiling point would be greater on the
mountain peak because of the pressure. The
boiling point would be greater in the pressurized
boiler system because the substance would
have to be greater to give the particles enough
energy to escape the pressure of the
pressurized system.
Section One Reading Check
• 477(Q) What is thermal energy?
• (A) Thermal energy is the total amount
energy in the particles of an abject.
• 477(Q) How are kinetic energy and
temperature related?
• (A) Temperature means the average
kinetic energy of particles in the substance
Section One Reading Check
• 478(Q) What is heat fusion?
• (A) The amount of energy it takes to
change a solid phase to the liquid phase at
its melting point
• 478(Q) Why do liquids flow?
• (A) The particles in liquids have more
kinetic energy than solid particles do which
allows them to slip past each other, over
powering the attractions to each other.
Section One Reading Check
• 479(Q) How does external pressure affect
the boiling point of a liquid?
• (A) The greater the external pressure is
the greater the boiling point is. This is
because it then takes longer for the
particles to become strong enough to over
power the external pressure.
Section One Reading Check
• 480(Q) What is occurring at the two
temperatures on the heat curve where the
graph is a flat line.
• (A) The energy that is added is used to
overcome bonds between the particles.
Caption Questions
• 476(Q) Can you identify the solid and
liquid states of water?
• (A) Yes, You can identify the solids and the
liquids.
• 479(Q) Explain the difference between
boiling and evaporation. Boiling is the
heating of a substance and evaporation is
a filtration.
Caption Questions
• 482(Q) Explain why ice floats on water.
• (A) Ice floats because the buoyant force
can hold it up.
Section Two Vocabulary
• Buoyancy: The ability of a fluid—a liquid or
a gas– to exert an upward force on an
object immersed in it
• Pressure: Force exerted per unit area, or
P=F/A
Viscosity: The resistance by a fluid to flow
Section Two Self-Check
• 1.(Q) Describe The two opposing forces
that are acting on an object floating in
water.
• (A) The buoyant force pushing upward and
the weight of the object pushing down.
Section Two Self-Check
• 2.(Q) Explain how a heavy boat floats on
water.
• (A) The buoyant force matches the weight
of the ship to keep it afloat
Section Two Self-Check
• 3.(Q) Use Pascal’s principle to explain why
squeezing a plastic mustard bottle forces
mustard out the top.
• (A) As you squeeze the bottle there is air
pressure put on top of the mustard. Then
the net force under the mustard pushes it
out the top of the bottle.
Section Two Self-Check
• 4.(Q) Use Bernoulli’s principle, how roofs
are lifted off buildings in tornados.
• (A) The air going across the top of the roof
is moving faster than the air under the
roof creating a low-pressured area above
the roof so the roof rises.
Section Two Self-Check
• 5.(Q) If you fill a balloon with air, tie it off, and
release it, it will fall to the ground. Why does it
fall instead of float? What would happen if the
balloon contained helium?
• (A) The balloon falls because the particles in the
air inside the balloon don’t have enough energy
to make the balloon rise. The helium inside the
balloon would carry it upward.
Reading Check
• 485(Q) Why do rocks sink and rubber balls
float in a swimming pool?
• (A) Rocks weigh more than rubber balls so
the buoyant force isn’t great enough to
hold the rock up.
Reading Check
• 488(Q) How does pressure change as the
velocity of a fluid increase?
• (A) As the velocity increases the pressure
decreases.
• 489(Q) How does temperature affect
viscosity?
• (A) If the temperature is greater the liquid
will flow faster and better.
Caption Questions
• 488(Q) Define Bernoulli’s Principle.
• (A) It states that if the velocity of a liquid
increases the pressure decreases.
Section Three Vocabulary
• Pascal: Pressure is measured in a unit
called a Pascal.
Section Three Self-Check
• 1(Q) Explain why gases have pressure.
• (A) Gases always have pressure because
the particles are always moving.
Section Three Self-Check
• 2.(Q)Describe earth’s atmosphere at sea
level. How does the pressure change as
the distance from earth increases?
• (A) There isn’t as much gravity at sea level
then there is higher in elevation. As you go
increase the distance from earth, the
gravity increases until you pass a certain
point then there is no gravity.
Section Three Self-Check
• 3.(Q) Explain using Boyle’s law, the
volume change of an inflated balloon that
a diver takes to a pressure of 2 atm.
• (A) As the diver takes the balloon down
the balloons volume decreases because
the pressure is increasing.
Section Three Self-Check
• 4.(Q) Explain using Charlie’s law the
purpose of a gas burner on a hot-airballoon.
• (A) As the air is heated it rises which fills
the balloon and makes the balloon rise
into the air.
Section Three Self-Check
• 5.(A) Labels on cylinders of compressed
gases state the highest temperature to
which the cylinder may be exposed. Give
a reason for this warning.
• (A) If the cylinder is exposed to the wrong
temperature the cylinder may explode.
Reading Check
• 490(Q) How are force, area, and pressure
related?
• (A) They are related because the more
area you have there will need to be more
force and to get more force you need more
pressure.
Reading Check
• 493(Q) What is P1V1=P2V2 Known as?
• (A) This is known as Boyle’s Law of Action.
• 495(Q) According to Charles's law what
happens to the volume of a gas if the
temperature increases?
• (A) The volume of the gas will increase.
Caption Questions
• 490(Q) Explain why the term pressure can
be used to describe these forces.
• (A) This is because pressure is a
measurement.
Caption Questions
• 492(Q) Describe what eventually happens
to the balloon.
• (A) As the balloon gets higher the balloon
cant get any bigger and pops.
• 492(Q) What is the volume of the gas at
100kPa?
• (A) 500 (L)
Caption Questions
• 494(Q) Explain how you can determine
which gas had the greatest volume
change.
• (A) The gas with the steepest line increase
on the chart.
• 495(Q) If the balloon in the text was
placed in a freezer at 5 degrees C What
would be the new volume?
• (A) The volume would decrease.
Applying Math