Transcript Nutrient Exchange

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ange/images/cycle_001_b.jpg
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Nutrient
Exchange
How Plants and Animals use
Nutrients
1. Nucleic
Acids –
Monomer: nucleotides
Eg. DNA and RNA
2. Proteins –
Monomer: amino acids
(20 different)
Eg. Insulin, keratin
(hair)
www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/836/965507.JPG
www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/icons/dna_toys.jpg
Four Macromolecules
images.jupiterimages.com/.../61/05/23050561.jpg
Four Macromolecules
3. Carbohydrates (sugars) –
Monomer: simple sugars,
glucose
Eg. The energy sources
of life.
4. Lipids (fats) – Also called
fatty acids,
Monomer: glycerol and fatty
acids
Eg. Build all membranes
(cellular and organelle) and
some hormones.
Storage of energy.
www.culinate.com/hunk/22332
Nucleic Acids
a) Monomer =
nucleotide
a) Three parts of
a nucleotide:
base, sugar,
phosphate
b) Structure:
Sugar
Phosphate
Base
a) Monomer:
a) 20 Amino Acids
b) Structure
i. Typical Amino Acid (Draw this above)
images.jupiterimages.com/.../14/81/23288114.jpg
III. Proteins
Peptide Bonds
ii. In a peptide bond we join a
carboxyl group (-COOH) to
an amino group (-NH2)
http://www.codefun.com/Images/Genetic/tRNA/image004.jpg
The bond joining two amino acids
Draw a peptide bond between two glycines in the space
to the right
iii. Sample Protein – Insulin
The protein that regulates our sugar uptake
Video of insulin
IV. Carbohydrates
a. Monomer –
i. Glucose
Blood sugar
CH2OH
C
O H
C HOH H C
C
OH C
OH
OH
H
H
staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/biochemistry/glucose.gif
HOCH2
C
H
C
OH
O
CH2OH
OH C
C
OH
ii. Fructose
Fruit sugar
www.worldofmolecules.com/foods/Fructose.gif
b. Dehydration Synthesis
Animation
c. Polysaccharides
a. Formed by more than two simple sugars joined together.
i. Starch (1000 glucoses hooked)
Plant energy storage
etc.
O
CH2OH
O
OH
OH
O
CH2OH
O
OH
OH
O
CH2OH
O
OH
OH
O
CH2OH
O
OH
OH
O
etc.
Plant starch…stained with iodine
www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr04/starch-..
www.medic.usm.my/~ssu/images/High%20Glyc.jpg
Polysaccharides con’t:
ii. Glycogen
(30 glucoses hooked)
Stored sugar, found in animal
liver.
Carbon Hydrogen Ratios
a. Looking at the molecular formulas for the different
saccharides what is
the ratio of H’s to O’s?
Hint: it is the same in each molecule:
Glucose:C6H12O6 Maltose C12H24O12
_____
2 H’s to each _____ O1
This is true for any saccharide
V. Fats (Lipids)
a. Monomers:
i. Fatty Acids
ii. + Glycerol
+3
fatty
acids
images.jupiterimages.com/.../93/76/23267693.jpg
Fats con’t:
b. Look at the fatty acids on the front page. Square the
hydrocarbons (“CH” tails) in red, circle the acid
portion
(-OH containing) in green.
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
C
OH
Membranes are lipids
c. Have you seen the structure before?
Fatty acids are one of the primary building blocks of cell
and organelle membranes.
Fats con’t:
In animals what is
one other
membrane
component (hint we
just studied it last
unit)?
Cholesterol
http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19190.jpg
Molecule Review
Carbohydrates
Monomer
Glucose
Fats
Proteins
Nucleic
Acids
Glycerol/FAs
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
Carbon Present
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hydrogen Present
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Oxygen Present
Nitrogen Present
2(H): 1(O)
Yes
Yes
Carboxyl Group
Yes
Amino
Group
Hydrocarbon tail
Hexagon?
Phosphate?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
MiniQUIZ
Identify each as a nucleic acid, carbohydrate, fat, or protein
2
1
HOCH2
OH C
C
H
CH2OH
O
C
C
OH
OH
3
4
•etc.
O
OH
O
OH
OH
O
OH
O
O
O
O
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
O
OH
OH
•etc.
O
OH
Obtaining Nutrients
Lecture
A. Autotrophs-Convert light energy
to chemical energy
using
photosynthesis…
a. Are also called Producers
b. Examples –Green Plants
c. Autotrophs need –
CO2, H2O, light, heat, minerals.
http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19190.jpg
B - Heterotrophs
http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/shitake.jpg
a. Are also called
Consumers
b. Examples –
http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19190.jpg
http://www.kidsbiology.com/images/moneran_2.jpg
http://www.troy.k12.ny.us/thsbiolo
gy/images/monkey.gif
Bacteria, protozoa,
fungi, animals
(humans)
c. Heterotrophs need:
Autotrophs, O2,
minerals, vitamins, H2O
Photosynthesis
a. Photosynthesis uses light energy to construct
simple sugars.
Light
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
chlorophyll
6 O2 + C6H12O6
The requirements for photosynthesis:
Light, heat, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water
CHLOROPLASTS of PLANTS
OCCURS IN THE _________________________
Cellular Respiration
i. The process in the Mitochondria where
simple sugars are “burned” to produce
energy (in the form of ATP).
Simple formula of Cellular Respiration:
ADP and P
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
ATP = ENERGY!
Enzymes
6 H2O + 6 CO2
Mitochondria
• Supply all of the
usable energy for
• Plants
(autotrophs)
and Animals
(heterotrophs)
WOW!
Mini QUIZ
Name these Molecules (fat, carb, protein, N.A.)
1)
2)
CH OH
2
H
O
C
H
3)
O
C
OH
OH
H
C
OH
C
C
OH
O
CH3
H N
O
HOCH2
C
N
H
C
O
O
N
C
OH
CH2
C
O
C
C
OH
O
P
OH
OH
4) Write the complete Equation for Cellular Respiration
C
O
CH2OH
O
OH
C
C
C
OH
OH
Leaf Structure-How Autotrophs capture
nutrients
• Leaf
Crosssection
a. Cuticle Thin,
waxy layer on
outer surface
b. Epidermis
Outermost layer of
cells
c. Palisade Layer –
Tall cells in mesophyll, contain
chloroplasts.
e. Spongy Layer
loosely arranged layer of
cells with space for gas,
where lots of
photosynthesis takes
place.
f. Guard Cells –
cells making up the stomata, can
open or close.
d. Stomata –
small opening in the
epidermis for gas exchange.
g. Vein – vascular tubes in leaf.
i. Xylem – carries H2O, minerals,
hormones.
ii. Phloem – carries nutrients
(sucrose), O2,
hormones.
h. Chloroplasts – Organelle containing enzymes and
chlorophyll
Chlorophyll – pigment that enables light energy to be changed
into chemical energy (sugars)
Leaf Parts MINI QUIZ Label These Leaf Parts
1. Upper
Epidermis
2. Palisade
Layer
3. Spongy
Layer
4. Cuticle
5. Vein
6. Guard Cell
Digestive System Lecture
How A Heterotroph captures nutrients
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Liver
Gall Bladder
Duodenum
Pancreatic Duct
Small Intestine
Appendix
Small Intestine
Tongue
Trachea
Stomach
Bile Duct
Pancreas
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus
A. Salivary Glands
a. Mucus – lubricates food.
b. Amylase – begins to break
down carbohydrate
B. Tongue
a. Keeps food
between
teeth
b. Taste Buds
– 4 areas
c. Pushes
food to
esophagus
C. Trachea
a. Windpipe
b. Epiglottis
prevents
“breathing”
food
D. Esophagus
Tube to stomach
Peristalsis starts,
Rhythmic squeezing of
food through tubes.
E. Liver
a. Bile is produced
b. Emulsifies fats.
c. Center for metabolism.
d. Detoxifies blood
e. Bile sent to Sm. Intestine
f. Store glycogen (starch)
Vital Organ
F. Gall Bladder
• Stores bile (bile emulsifies fats)
G. Stomach
a. Churn, mix food
b. Sphincters, control openings
c. Protein digestion
d. The Hormone Gastrin –
stimulates release of gastric juices
e. Gastric juices: HCl, pepsin, etc.
f. VOMIT!
– Reverse peristalsis
Gizzard = ?
Gizzards
“Heartburn”
H. Bile Duct
• Tube to Sm. Intestine
from Gall Bladder
I. Duodenum
• Most Digestion
• First ~1ft of the Small
Intestine
J. Pancreas
a. Produces Insulin, and other
digestive enzymes…
Regulates sugar uptake from
blood.
b. If DIABETIC insulin is not
made.
Cool Pancreas Video
• Weird Al Video
K. Pancreatic Duct
• Tube to Small
Intestine
L. Small Intestine
a. 20-30 feet long
b. Villi – absorb nutrients
c. Final Digestion occurs
d. Nutrients are: glucose, amino acids
e. Lacteals – absorb fats, glycerol
Villi = absorption
M. Appendix
• Vestigial Organ
• Evolutionary
leftover
N. Large Intestine
a. Re-absorbs H2O
b. Solid wastes stored
Pirates
O. Rectum
• Solid wastes are concentrated
P. Anus
• 2 Sphincters that control expulsion of
waste
Digestive Processes
Process
Ingestion
Peristalsis
Absorption
Storage
Elimination
Mechanical
Digestion
Chemical
Digestion
Explanation
Dot
Color
Blue
Intake
Muscular Movement
Yellow
of Food
Into Blood
Green
Hold for a Time
Red
Release
Brown
Moving Disrupts
Orange
Chemicals chop
Purple
Blue = Ingestion
Yellow = Peristalsis
Green = Absorption
Red = Storage
Brown = Elimination
Orange = Mechanical Dig.
Purple = Chemical Dig.
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Liver
Gall Bladder
Duodenum
Pancreatic Duct
Small Intestine
Appendix
Small Intestine
Tongue
Trachea
Stomach
Bile Duct
Pancreas
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Mini Quiz
Salivary
Glands
Esophagus
Liver
Duodenum
Stomach
Pancreas
Small
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Appendix
Food
Type
%
Diet
Purpose
Fats
<30%
Membranes
-Energy Stores
-Hormones
1) Fatty Acids
2)Glycerol
Carbohydrates
55%
Energy
Stored as Glycogen (in liver)
Glucose
Chains of sugars,
Glycogen
Proteins
>15%
Amino acids
Humans can make 12 (need other 8
in our diet)
Amino acids, used
to build proteins
Digestive
End Product
What happens to the Digestive
End Products (listed above)
Molecule
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Broken Into
Used for
Fatty Acids
and Glycerol
Membranes,
Hormone
Production
Simple Sugars
Energy
Amino Acids
Protein
Synthesis
http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~ajm226/mp/metabolism.jpg
F. To speed Digestion organisms
use chemicals and enzymes
a. Acids
i. HCl
ii. Gastric Juices
b. Bile
i. Soap like, makes fat soluble.
ii. Aids absorption of Fat
c. Enzymes – each enzyme (made of protein) is regulated, with a special
“job”
i. Jobs include:
Breaking down molecules and building molecules the body needs.
Enzymes
ii. Fit molecules like a
“Lock and Key”
1)
Some examples
Pepsin – breaks down proteins.
Lipase – cuts up fats.
d. Glucose is coupled together
into starch in the roots of plants
for storage.
e. The enzyme for this reaction is
Starch Synthase
called: __________________
f. The chemical
reaction that
occurs is a
Dehydration
Synthesis, draw
the structures of
two glucose
molecules being
joined to create a
disaccharide (see
earlier Notes):
G. Digestive Enzymes
Enzyme
Amylase
Pepsin
Rennin
Lipase
Made
Here
Acts
Here
Purpose
Salivary
Glands
Mouth
Stomach
Polysaccharides 
Disaccharides
Pancreas
Stomach
Duodenum
Polypeptides  Shorter
polypeptides
Pancreas
Stomach
Milk  Cheese
Pancreas
Duodenum
Fats (lipids)  Fatty Acids +
Glycerol
Amylase
Cuts up starches into smaller sugars
Pepsin
• Cuts up proteins
H2O
Met
Asn
Leu
H2O
Thr
Asp
Glu
Trp
Met
Lipase
• Cuts fats into
fatty acids and
glycerol
•
•
•
•
H. Name the chemical process used to digest:
Fats - hydrolysis
Carbohydrates - hydrolysis
Proteins - hydrolysis
Carbohydrate
(red)
Protein
(blue)
Fat
(green)
Double sugar
(red)
Polypeptide
(blue)
Emulsified fat
(green)
Peptide
(blue)
Salivary
amylase
(red)
Salivary glands
C
Pepsin and
hydrochori
c acid
(blue)
Stomach
C
Bile
(green)
Liver
P
Pancreas
C
Small Intestine
C
physical or
chemical
change
Lipase
(green)
Pancreatic
amylase
(red)
Amino acids
(blue)
Single sugar
(red)
Where is this
enzyme
made?
Trypsin
(blue)
Fatty acids and
glycerol
(green)
Polysaccharide
to double
sugar
(red)
Enzyme for
digestion
at this
point.
Erepsin
(blue)
Various
bacterial
hydrolases
(red)
Digestive Enzymes MINI QUIZ
Enzyme
Made
Here
Purpose
1.
Amylase
Salivary
Glands
Polysaccharides
 Disaccharides
2.
Pepsin
Pancreas
Polypeptides 
Shorter
polypeptides
3.
Rennin
Pancreas
Milk  Cheese
4.
Lipase
Pancreas
Fats (lipids) 
Fatty Acids +
Glycerol
Lab 44 Set Up
Masking tape flap to make it easy to take off
tomorrow
Name
Tube # 1
Name
Name
Name
Tube # 2
Tube # 3
Tube # 4
All Tubes have:
5 ml of water(~1 inch)
1 drop of cream
10 drops of LITMUS
Only 2 and 3 have Lipase
Only 3 and 4 have Bile
b. Enzyme Action
Enzyme
Location where Hydrolysis
Occurs
Number
of H2O
Used
Digestive End
Product
Amylase
Every other ‘O’ linker
1 per
cut
Disaccharides
Pepsin
Phe, Tyr, and Trp,
peptide bonds
1 per
cut
Shorter
proteins
Rennin
Casein  clumping
1 per
cut
Cheese
Lipase
Between glycerol and
fatty acids
1 per
cut
3 total
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
Dietary Recommendations
2000 Cal Diet
2500 Cal Diet
< 30% Total Fat
Sat. Fat
Poly
< 65 g
20 g
22 g
< 80 g
25 g
27 g
Mono
23 g
28 g
Cholesterol
< 300 mg
< 300 mg
Salt
< 2400 mg
< 2400 mg
Carbohydrates
Dietary Fiber
300 g
25 g
375 g
30 g
Calories Burned
Summary
Autotroph’s source
Substance
CO2
Minerals
H2O
Simple sugars
O2
Energy (ATP)
Amino Acids &
Proteins
Vitamins
Starch
Lipids (fats)
Cellulose
Heterotroph’s
Source
Lab TEST Question #9