Transcript Slide 1
© Boardworks Ltd 2003 Teacher’s Notes A slide contains teacher’s notes wherever this icon is displayed - To access these notes go to ‘Notes Page View’ (PowerPoint 97) or ‘Normal View’ (PowerPoint 2000). Notes Page View Normal View Flash Files A flash file has been embedded into the PowerPoint slide wherever this icon is displayed – These files are not editable. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Why do we need food? We need to consume a balanced diet which contains a variety of food in the proportions shown in the diagram. The body needs: • Carbohydrates which provide energy. • Proteins for repair and growth. • Vitamins and minerals to keep the body healthy. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Food Groups Pop Quiz © Boardworks Ltd 2003 What is a balanced diet? © Boardworks Ltd 2003 What do carbohydrates provide? Starchy foods contain carbohydrates, which are made of long chains of identical small sugar molecules. 1 Sugar molecule Carbohydrate © Boardworks Ltd 2003 What do carbohydrates provide? The body has to break these large food molecules up into smaller pieces. The small sugar molecules are very useful. The body can use them to make… ENERGY This energy is used to make the body work. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 What do proteins provide? As with carbohydrates, proteins are made of chains of chemicals. However, instead of the chain containing identical molecules, in protein these molecules are different. Protein is made up of chains of amino acids. There are over 20 different kinds of amino acid. Protein is used to allow the body to grow and to repair the body. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 What happens to food in the digestive system? © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Mechanical digestion Food is firstly broken down (mechanical breakdown) into smaller parts by the teeth in the mouth. It is then mixed with saliva and swallowed. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The stomach Food enters the stomach, which is basically a muscular bag, filled with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Two things happen here: • Chemical breakdown of the food. • Microbes are destroyed. cross section of stomach food enters from the gullet muscle tissue digested food leaves © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The small intestine Food enters the small intestine from the stomach. It passes along the small intestine where the soluble food is taken into the blood through the walls. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The large intestine The remains of the food are then passed on to large intestine (colon). All that is left is waste material and water. The body will want to leave the waste material within the digestive system but the water is valuable and so it is re-absorbed here. The waste material is passed to the rectum where it is stored until it leaves the body through the anus. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Why breakdown large molecules into smaller ones? The body must go through mechanical and chemical digestion to convert large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones. Carbohydrate molecule Fat molecule Protein molecule (folded up) Sugar This is because smaller molecules can pass through the walls of the small intestine and then dissolve into the blood stream. Larger molecules cannot do this. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Digestion quiz © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Enzymes Enzymes are chemicals which break the larger molecules down into smaller molecules. There are three types of enzymes that you need to know about. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Enzymes The three types of enzymes are: • Carbohydrase chops carbohydrates into smaller sugar molecules. • Protease cuts proteins into the soluble amino acids. • Lipase breaks fats down into the smaller fatty acids and glycerol. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Proteins digestion Proteins are digested in the stomach by an enzyme called Protease. This enzyme needs to work in an acidic environment. Protease breaks proteins (chains of different molecules) down into up to 20 different amino acids (four of which are shown). Protease Amino acids Folded up protein chain © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Starch/ carbohydrates Carbohydrates are chains of identical sugar molecules. The enzyme called Carbohydrase breaks the chemical bonds between the individual sugar molecules (called glucose) as part of digestion. Carbohydrase Long carbohydrate Small sugar © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Fats Fats are digested in two stages: • Firstly bile (released by the gall bladder) allows the fat to “mix” with water by breaking the fat up into smaller droplets. This is called emulsification. Bile • Secondly, an enzyme called Lipase breaks the fats down into the smaller fatty acid molecules and glycerol. + Lipase Fatty Fat Glycerol acid © Boardworks Ltd 2003