Transcript Document
A2 Revision - 1
•
•
Based on previous questions, and
potential answers to those questions
©Subject Support 2012
Revision topics – chosen by your
teachers
Application of Forces
2. Commercialisation
3. Olympic Ideals
4. Krebs cycle
5. Aggression
6. Support from organisations for elite athletes
7. Projectile motion
8. PNF stretching
1.
©Subject Support 2012
Application of forces - Typical
question
Jan 08 Qu 3
Maximising effort during performance is largely concerned
with the correct application of forces.
What forces act on a player when they are running during
a game?
(3 marks)
June 2010
Using ‘Newton’s First and Second Laws of Motion, explain
how a swimmer dives off the starting blocks.
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Forces
movement ;
Forces cause
A force is a
push or a pull
“A force is that which alters or tends to
state of rest or of
alter a body’s
in a straight line.”
uniform motion
If a body changes
has been
force applied
direction
or
velocity
,a
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Forces affecting motion
Muscular/action forces
Reaction forces
Gravity
Air resistance
Friction
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Forces acting on a sprinter
Air
resistance
Gravity
Friction
Equal and opposite Ground
Reaction Force
Action force of muscular
contraction
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Newton’s Laws
1st Law:
A body will remain in its
until affected by a
rest
• A body has a
reluctance
state of motion
/
force
to change its
state of motion
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Applying Newton’s 1st Law
set position on
• Sprinter remains in
force causes him to
blocks until a
change his
state of motion
• Ball keeps moving until a
causes it to change its
force
state of motion
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2nd Law - Momentum
All objects in motion have mass and
velocity
Product =
Momentum =
(m x v) momentum
quantity of motion
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Newton’s 2nd Law
• The rate of change of
is
directly proportional
to the force causing
the change, and the change takes place in
the
directionin which the force was
applied
• In sport, mass remains constant and
therefore momentum equates to
acceleration
momentum
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Applying Newton’s 2nd Law
directionof
• The magnitude (size) and
force applied by the sprinter to the blocks
magnitude
determines
the
and
acceleration– because mass
of
received
remains direction
constant
• Acceleration is
to
proportional
applied
force
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Newton’s 3rd Law
• To every force there is an
opposite reaction force
equal
and
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Applying Newton’s 3rd Law
The sprinter applies a muscular force
the ground.
reaction
This results in a
force that
causes movement
The sprinter cannot move the
Reaction force from ground =
Ground Reaction Force
to
earth/blocks
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Commercialisation - Typical question
Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a
form of entertainment.
Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the
‘commercialisation’ of sport has been beneficial for
performers and the sport.
(7 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Commercialisation
Idea of sporting events being used to make
money
Sport gains income from:
sponsorship
Spectators
/ media /
/
merchandising
Income used to pay players –
Commercialism increases in last
professionals
30 years
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Commercialisation
• Sport seen as a
commodity
• Where the market becomes the driving
force in sport
TV rights
• The sale of
- the major
source of sports funding
• Broadcasting rights for Premier League
now worth
£1.1 billion a year
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Media and sport
Sport – cheap – to report/show
sales
More readers/viewers – more
,
more
, more income
advertising
Need to make information provided
interesting – inform or sensationalise
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Role of sport to media
Adapted to suit demands of media
Share of entertainment market –
peak time viewing
Increased interest –
more participants
Income from TV rights
Marketing and advertising income
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Television and advertising
TV
cameras – logos on pitch
Pre-game /during game advertising
hoardings
Advertising
in media
Sponsors name /logo
Sponsor:
competition
venue
stand
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Sport Has Changed For TV
One day and 20:20
cricket
shoot outs
Penalty
Timings – starts/kick-off to suit TV
more viewers
Use of hawkeye in tennis/cricket
3rd umpire in cricket /TMO in
Camera
angles/position/playercam
rugby
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TV changes sport
improved what we can watch
TV has
and when and how we watch
Also brings sports we might never
normally watch - sumo wrestling ,
armchair spectators
Become converted to
Reduces
participation?
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Changing the characteristics of
sport
Changing the format of play –
tennis tie breaks
Changing the competition structure –
Champions League/ RU premiership
Changing the rules to simplify them –
American scoring – badminton/volleyball
Changing the rules to make game ‘flow’ –
one-day/20:20 cricket
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Professional performer - a commercial
object?
like a business
Signs contract –
‘hired and fired’
Can be
Brings in money through
advertising
endorsements
Exploit image for company goals –
marketability
Financial rewards
based on results
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Olympic ideals
• Individuals performing
Not teams/Nations
fairly
Striving to win Taking part more important than
• Amateur – for the love of sport
winning
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Olympism
Competing with spirit of
sportsmanship
Symbols:
rings
Olympic
Olympic oath
financial support
Virtually gone due to
needed to compete
IOC accept professional performers –
‘amateur spirit’
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Kreb’s cycle - Typical question
At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the
silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event,
in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds.
Explain how the majority of energy used during the race
would be provided.
(7 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Kreb’s cycle
Carbohydrates - glycogen/glucose broken down in series of reactions to
pyruvate
Called
glycolysis
ATP resynthesis
Some energy released for
Fats (fatty acids) prepared through
β -oxidation ready for
in
Kreb’s cycle
mitochondria
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Kreb’s cycle
Pyruvate converted into
Acetyl Co- A
Kreb’s cycle
Enters
carbon dioxide
Hydrogen removed leaving
ATP resynthesised
Some
Electron Transport Chain
Hydrogen to
water
Oxidised to
Releases large amounts of energy for
ATP resynthesis
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Aggression - Typical question
Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs.
(a)Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of aggressive behaviour
occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to
explain aggression in sport?
(2 marks)
(b)Use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to explain why this may
happen.
(2 marks)
(c)Explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team
games.
(2 marks)
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Aggression
“Any form of behaviour directed
toward the goal of harming or injuring
another living being who is motivated
to avoid such treatment”
Aggression is:
1.
a behaviour/action;
2. intentional;
3. to cause harm;
4. outside the rules;
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Forms of Aggression
Instrumental –aggression used to increase
winning
chances of
Hostile - aggression with injury as
main aim
Constructive use of force in sport =
assertion
Channelled aggression – diverting
useful actions
aggressive feelings into
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Instinct theory
Aggression inherited
released
Builds up – needs to be
violence
Displaced into sport rather than
Release = catharsis
hostile
Theory suggests most aggression is
instrumental
, but some is
Social learning as a means of control
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis
aggression
Frustration leads to
Aggression comes from
frustration
opposition
In sport,
prevents attainment
of
- leadsgoals
to frustration, especially
if
unexpected
Aggression released – cathartic – but not
always
frustration leads to
But, not all
aggression
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Aggressive-cue theory
Not all frustration leads to aggression
learned cues
Only occurs if certain
present
Such as:
Coach
aggression
encouraging
Reinforcement
of behaviours
sports
objects or
Certain
experiences
Previous
Depends on
situation
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Social learning theory
Learn
to be aggressive
Observation of significant others
repeating actions
Reinforcement leads to
Punishment prevents
copying
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Strategies to reduce aggression
Strategies both for player and coach
• Punish aggressive play
• Reinforce assertive play
• Reduce arousal
• Avoid aggressive situation
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Elite Athlete Support - Typical
question
To maximise the chances of winning medals at major
championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers
need the support of many organisations.
Outline and explain the structure of the World Class
Performance Pathway.
(3 marks)
Explain the support structures for elite performers
provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as
the English Institute of Sport.
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Role of National Governing Bodies
club and competition
Develop
structure
Manage development strategies –
,
, etc
WCP
Develop
structure
TASS
Manage
coaching
Enforce
representative teams
of sport
rules and regulations
Promotion
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Whole Sports Plans
WSP – plan for all – grass roots to elite
WSP directs Sport England funding
Identifies
NGB’s needs
Links with partners – PESSYP
‘Measures’ how well NGBs doing
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UK Sport
Aims:
elite athletes
Development of
Attracting and running major sporting
events in UK
Doping prevention and testing
no longer!
central government and
Funded by
Lottery
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UK Sport
Full responsibility for allOlympic and
Paralympic performance-related support
World Class Performance
Runs
programme,
Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme
English Institutes of Sport
All funding and support integrated
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World Class Performance Pathway
Three levels:
World Class Podium –
2012 medal hopes
World Class Development – potential
2016 winners
World Class Talent – identify and develop
potential
2020 performers
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Funding Of Elite Performers
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lottery grants via
NGB
Sponsorship – group and personal
Appearance money
Prize money
Many/majority do not receive
or prize money
appearance
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English Institute of Sport – ‘making
the best better’
One of 4 National Institutes
• 9 regional sites
sports science
Support –
,
medicine, physiology, diet and
nutrition advice, mechanics,
fitness testing and conditioning,
information
Athlete Career Education
©Subject Support 2012
Projectile motion – Typical question
The flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the
term parabolic and the main factors that limit the distance
that a golf ball will travel in flight.
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Projectile motion
•Flightpath =
parabola
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Components
Motion of projectile has
Vertical component
Horizontal component
two components
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Projectile motion
Vertical
component
Horizontal
component
Vertical motion affected by gravity –
decreases
Horizontal motion is affected by friction –
negligible
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Variations in vertical and
horizontal components
This causes the observed parabolic flight and
affects the motion components as follows:
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Projectile motion
Factors affecting distance travelled:
• Speed of release
•Height of release
• Angle of release
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Typical question – PNF stretching
As part of their preparation elite athletes may try to
improve their performance through Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training.
What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain how
PNF training works?
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Proprioceptive neuromuscular
facilitation
Means of improving
flexibility
Requires a partner
stretch reflex –
Works by disengaging
allows greater range of movement
CRAC
– contract-relax, antagonistcontract
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Proprioceptive neuromuscular
facilitation
Joint stretched to normal limit/range
Isometric contraction of
antagonist – held for
few seconds – cancels
stretch reflex
Increased
range of movement possible
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©Subject Support 2012