Transcript What You Should Have Picked Up This Year in - Mr-Hills-PHY-SCI

What You Should
Have Picked Up
This Year in
Physical Science
Jubon
2015-2016
st
1 Semester
What is Science?
Science is the process of collecting
information about the world.
Physical Science is the study of matter and
energy.
These branches of science include Chemistry
(matter) and Physics (energy)
Scientific Method
There are typically six common steps to the Scientific Method.
These include:
1. Asking a question
2. Making observations
to help you form
a hypothesis
3. Testing the hypothesis
4. Analysis of results
5. Drawing conclusions
6. Communicating
the results.
Notice that these steps may be repeated as you work through your
experimentation.
Scientific Models
Science uses models quite often. Models are used to represent
an object or process that perhaps can’t be seen without very
specialized equipment or would be too costly to make in its
actual size.
There are 3 common types of scientific models
- Physical Models
- Mathematical Models
- Conceptual Models
Theories and Laws
Theory – is an explanation for many hypotheses and
observations. They are well supported by years and years of
work. While theories are constantly being updated, these are
not willy-nilly ideas.
Theories give the WHY something might be happening .
Law – is a summary of many experimental results and
observations. Laws tell us HOW something works. It is a matter
of fact statement.
Theory
Why
Law
How
SI Units
System of International Units – used worldwide. Often the
same as the Metric unit, but not always.
Measurement
Length or
Distance
Mass
Volume (liquid)
Force (weight)
Definition
a measure of the distance between two points
the measure of the amount of matter making
up an object and is measured with a balance.
the amount of space matter occupies.
Liquid volume is usually measured in milliliters
(mL) or liters (L) using a graduated cylinder.
Volume for a solid with a regular shape is
calculated using the formula: volume = length x
width x height
a measure of the pull of gravity on an object
and is measured with a Spring Scale (used to
measure weight and forces).
Metric Base Unit
Symbol
meter
m
gram or kilogram
g or kg
Liter or cubic meters
L or m3
Newton *
N
K
Temperature
a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in a sample of matter and is measured
with a thermometer.
Kelvin *
Time
a measure of increments of the day.
second
s
Weight vs. Mass
Mass
Property
Weight
A measure of the
amount of matter that
makes up an object.
Definition
The measure of the force
of gravity and its effect
on a mass.
g or kg
Unit used
N
Balance
Measured with
Scale
No
Change with location?
Yes, based on gravity
Physical
Properties and Changes
Physical Properties can be detected and measured without
changing the identity of the substance.
These are properties like texture, color, malleability, ductility,
state, density, conductivity, odor, solubility.
A physical change has occurred when you can still identify the
original substance even though it has undergone some sort of
change – like ripping paper, painting a car, transferring heat,
changing from solid to liquid.
Chemical
Properties and Changes
Chemical properties tell you if the substance can change into
something new. There are 3 main chemical properties to
remember:
Fire, Boom, React – flammability, combustibility, and reactivity
A chemical change has occurred if after the change, you can no
longer identify the original substance because it has changed
into something new – milk spoiling, iron turning to rust, burning
a piece of paper, baking soda reacting with vinegar.
Chemical Reactions
Look for these signs that a chemical reaction has taken place.
1. Gives off a gas or
make bubbles.
2. Gives off a smell.
3. Gives off light.
4. Gives off heat.
5. Creates a
new substance.
6. Changes color.
7. Forms a precipitate.
States of Matter
Changes of State
Energy is added (endothermic) 
 energy is released (exothermic)
Property
Solid
Shape
Definite shape
Volume – amount of
space it takes up
Definite volume
Definite volume
Densely packed
Particle Arrangement
Energy Binding the
Particles
Particle movement
Amount of Energy
Liquid
No definite shape –
takes shape of
container
Plasma
No definite shape –
takes shape of
container
Close
Gas
No definite shape –
takes shape of
container
No definite volume –
takes vol. of
container
Far apart
Very strong
Strong
Weak
Weak – particles broken
Vibrate in place
Low
Slide past each other
Medium
Fly apart
High
Fly apart
VERY high
No definite volume –
takes vol. of container
Far apart
Energy and Changes of State
Energy added can either:
- increase temperature
- change state
NOT BOTH
SIMULTANEOUSLY
Atomic Theory
Atomic Structure
Particle
Electric Charge
Sym
bol
Mass
Location
in Atom
Proton
Positive
“positive permanent
protons”
=Atomic # (Number)
+
1 amu
Nucleus
Neutron
Neutral
“neutral neutrons”
= Atomic Mass – Atomic #
± or
noth
-ing
1 amu
Nucleus
Electron
Negative
= same as Atomic #
in a neutral atom
-
0
Electron
Cloud
Isotopes and Ions
Isotopes –
Ions –
same protons, different neutrons same protons, different electrons.
atoms has different masses due atom gains a charge by gaining or
to different amount of neutrons losing electrons
4 Forces of Nature in the Atom
Periodic Table
Periodic Table Trends/Patterns
• Periods – long horizontal rows
• Tells you how many orbitals
• Groups or Families – vertical columns.
• Families stand up for each other. They share similar traits because...
• Group # tells you how many valence electrons – G1 = 1, G13 = 3
• Metals on left, stair/zigzag metalloids, nonmetals on right
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonding – is the joining of atoms to form a new substance.
Where they join is the bond. Atoms bond via their valence electrons.
We can easily draw out the bonds and organization
using Lewis Dot diagrams. Each dot is a valence electron.
Ionic Bonds
Formed by the transfer of electrons from atom to atom.
Occur between a metal and a non-metal to get a full outer shell.
Atoms are attracted to each other because after the transfer
occurs, each atom is now a ion (has a charge) Opposites attract.
As Na loses an
electron it becomes
positive.
Cl gains it and it
becomes negative.
- Opposites attract.
- Charges balance.
Covalent Bonds
Formed by the sharing of electrons. Become molecules.
Occur between a nonmetal and a nonmetal. Each atom must
have a full outer shell in a complete molecule.
Naming Compounds aka
Chemical Formulas
Ionic Bonds
Put the cation first.
(This is the positive metal ion)
Then add the anion.
(the negative non-metal)
Change the ending on the
non-metal to - ide.
Covalent Bonds
Chemical Reactions
Look for these signs that a chemical reaction has taken place.
1. Gives off a gas or
make bubbles.
2. Gives off a smell.
3. Gives off light.
4. Gives off heat.
5. Creates a
new substance.
6. Changes color.
7. Forms a precipitate.
Types of Chemical Reactions
•Remember the dance partners!
Chemical Equations
A – Coefficient
tells you how many of that compound
you have. Multiplies across the whole
compound.
B – Subscript
tells you how many of just the
element it is attached to you have.
C – Chemical Formula
the shortened version of the
compound’s name.
D – Chemical Symbol
the abbrev for the element
E – Reactants
the substances you are combining together
– that will do the reacting…
F – Products
the result or product of the combination after
the reaction.
Balancing Chemical Equations
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass – what you have
as reactants, you must be able to account for in your products.
In other words, both sides must equal each other. To do this,
you must balance your equations.
You may only change coefficients to
do this. You can not break up
compounds or change subscripts –
do that and you’ve changed your
reactants or products.
Balancing Chemical Equations 2
1. Take an inventory of
each side.
2. Make updates to your
inventory each time
you change a
coefficient.
3. Keep going until both
sides are matching.
The next step here would
be to add a coefficient of
5 to the reactant O2.
Voila! It’s balanced.
Acids and Bases
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures
Matter
Pure Substance
Mixture
Compound
Element
Can not be broken down further
Found on the Periodic Table
2 or more elements that have
been chemically combined.
Maintain a fixed ratio.
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Looks the same all the way
throughout the sample
You can see the different
ingredients. Not the same.
Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions
Solutions = Solute + Solvent
Colloids
Suspensions
Small
Medium
Large
Can it be filtered
apart?
No
No
Yes
Do the particles
settle out to the
bottom?
No
No
Yes
Light reaction?
Light goes right through.
Solutions appear clear.
You can see the beam of
light.
Colloids tend to look cloudy.
You can see the chunks of
stuff floating around. Will
settle to bottom unless
stirred.
Clear Gatorade
Sugar Water
Whipped Cream
Clouds
Snow Globes
Italian Salad Dressing
Particle size?
Examples?
Energy
Kinetic – Motion
Potential – Stored by
position or shape
Mechanical
Mechanical Energy is the energy associated with the motion
of an object
Thermal
Thermal Energy is the total amount of energy in all of the
particles contained in a sample of matter. Heat, itself is not a
form of energy but it IS thermal energy that is transferred
between two objects of different temperatures.
Chemical Energy is the energy stored in chemical bonds (the
atoms of elements that make up a compound are held together
by chemical bonds)
Electrical Energy is the energy that results from moving charges
Chemical
Electrical
Light/Electromagn
etic
Sound
Nuclear
Electromagnetic Energy is the energy resulting from the motion
of the particles within atoms
Sound Energy is the energy given off by a vibrating (rapid, backand-forth motion) object. The energy travels through matter in
the form of waves.
Nuclear Energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
as a result of the nuclear forces. This form of energy can be
released from the atom through nuclear fission (splitting of
atoms) or nuclear fusion (joining of atoms).
You have mechanical energy when
you run or walk – combo of kinetic
and potential
Movement of particles
Energy from a battery, the food you
eat, given off in a chemical reaction
computers and televisions are
examples of electrical devices that
operate using electrical energy
examples include light, microwaves,
and X-rays
Vibration of particles
Fission or Fusion of nuclei –
NOT light from the Sun
Temp, TE, and Heat
Thermal Energy
Temperature
Heat
TOTAL amount of
energy from all of the
particles in an object
AVERAGE kinetic energy of
the particles in an object.
TRANSFER of thermal
energy from an area of
higher energy to that of
lower energy-hot to cold
More particles means
more thermal energy,
even if at the same
temp.
Not all particles move at the Transfer continues until
same rate, this is why the
equilibrium is reached.
average is taken.
Then, there’s no higher or
lower from which to
transfer.
Heat Transfer Vocab
The terms conductor and insulator are used for both
heat transfer as well as electricity.
These are the 3 ways that heat can be transferred.
Specific Heat
Capacity
Waves
Waves transfer ENERGY
Transverse Wave
Wave Interactions - 1
• Reflection
• Refraction
Wave Interactions - 2
• Diffraction
• Interference
nd
2 Semester
Properties of Sound
Amplitude – determines the
loudness of the sound - dB
Frequency – determines the
pitch of the sound – Hz
The speed of sound is dependent
on the medium through which is
travels and the temperature of
that medium.
Fastest-solids, Slowest - gases
Doppler Effect
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Light Transmission
How Do We See Color?
Motion
Speed = distance / time
s = d/t
m/s
Velocity = speed and direction
s = d/t direction
m/s North
Acceleration =
(final velocity – initial velocity)
.
time
a = (vf – vi)
t
m/s/s
m/s2
or
Force
Any push or pull. Measured in Newtons (N)
Combination of all forces on an object = net force
Same direction – add them. Opposite direction – subtract them.
Balanced forces – no change in motion, net force = 0
Unbalanced forces – changes motion, net force ≠ 0
Friction
Opposition to motion between two surfaces that touch.
Sliding Friction
Rolling Friction
Static Friction – no movement
Fluid Friction-Air Resistance
Gravity
A force of attraction between every object that has mass.
Affected by the size of the mass and the distance between them.
Bigger masses – more gravity, closer together – more gravity
Acceleration Due to Gravity
Around and on Earth, objects fall at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s
or ≈10 m/s/s. This means that for every second they fall, they
increase their speed by 9.8m/s.
They travel more distance each second falling.
Free fall – only force acting on the
object is gravity. No air resistance.
Usually only in a vacuum.
Terminal Velocity – gravity and
air resistance have balanced. The
object is no longer accelerating.
Projectile Motion and Orbit
Orbit – gravity keeps it from flying off into
space, but inertia or centripetal accel
keep it moving forward.
Together they make the circular motion
Projectile Motion – 2 forces – gravity and throw
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
An object at rest will remain at rest
An object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity
Unless acted upon by an outside force.
Often called the Law of Inertia – inertia is the resistance to a
change in motion.
Outside forces can be:
- air resistance
- your foot kicking something
- gravity
- friction
REMEMBER:
More mass means
more inertia.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
F=ma
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
All forces act in pairs (not bananas)
The forces are always equal in size and opposite in direction
Momentum
Momentum = mass x velocity or p = mv
Law of Conservation of Momentum –
Momentum can’t be created or destroyed, but it can be
transferred to another object.
A moving object will transfer some or all of its momentum to an
object at rest. Think about Curling, Billiards, or Newton’s Cradle.
Work
Work = Force x Distance or W = Fd Measured in Joules J
You work like a dog – Woofed!
Force must move an object in the same direction as the force.
You’re actually NOT DOING WORK here.
Power
Rate at which work is done
P = W/t Power = work / time
Measures in Watts W = J/s
Machines
Something that makes work easier by changing the size or
direction of the force applied.
– it does not decrease the amount of work
W = Fd If you increase the force, you decrease the distance.
If you increase the distance, you decrease the force.
Mechanical Advantage = how many times the force was increased.
Mechanical Efficiency = What you get out of the machine as
compared to what you had put in. Closer to 100% means the
machine is more efficient.
Simple Machines
6 types of Simple Machines
3 – Inclined plane, Wedge, Screw
2 – Wheel and Axel, Pulley
1 – Lever
Levers – 3 classes – IFL FLI FIL
Radioactivity
Fission – ss – breaks into 2 pieces
Fusion – s – joins into 1 piece
Electric Charge
Charge comes from ions (atoms with a charge due to the loss or
gain of electrons) Opposites attract, Likes repel.
There are 3 ways to charge an object:
- Friction – ‘wipe’ the electrons from one object to another.
- Induction – shift the electrons on a neutral object by bringing
a charged object close to it.
- Conduction – via direct contact or a spark transfer electrons
from a charged object to an uncharged object.
You can detect a charge with an electroscope.
Static Electricity
Charges that aren’t moving, except for one jump via conduction
when too many charges build up on an object.
Static Discharge or Electric Discharge is that little jolt you get
after shuffling across the carpet in the winter.
Lightning is also static electricity.
Don’t forget – don’t take a shower, while on the phone, in a
metal bathtub, with a tall metal pole in your hand, on the top of
a hill during a thunderstorm!
Electric Current
 Watch the .gif!
Energy
source
load
wire
3 necessary parts of a circuit
Ohm’s Law – V = IR
=
V=IR –> IR have an Inverse Relationship
Resistance
Think of wires like straws or hallways. What is the easiest to get through?
Which type of straw would you like to use to get the most of your drink as
easily as possible? A) Short McDonald’s? or B) a long coffee stirrer?
Or think of it as the hall at class change – students are electrons…do you
want them acting hot or cold for you to get passed? Do you want them in
a long, narrow hall or a short, wide hall?
Cells (electrical – not living)
Wet Cell and Dry Cell
Photocell and
Thermocouple
Calculations
Ohm’s Law V=IR
Electric Power
Every other combo!
Series vs. Parallel Circuits
Magnets
Likes repel, opposites attract
How a Compass Works
There is a huge magnetic field around the earth. It
is huge, but it is not very strong. The magnetized
needle in a compass is aligned with this magnetic
field. As the image below shows, the composition
of the earth acts as a huge bar magnet sitting
upside down in the middle of the planet. Since its
South end is at the north pole and its North end is
at the south pole, the North end of a compass
needle is pulled north.
Summary – Part 1
Oersted
Faraday
Summary - Part 2
Hans Christian Oersted
Michael Faraday
Magnetism from Electricity
Electricity from Magnetism
Move electrons
to make a magnetic field
Move magnets
to make an electric current
Motors
electrical  mechanical
Generators
mechanical  electrical
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetic Induction along
along with Andre-Marie Ampere
with Joseph Henry