Transcript matter
Properties of Matter Matter • Anything that has mass and takes up space is matter Volume • The amount of space an object takes up • Another word for volume is “capacity” • EX: What is the capacity of the water in that glass? What are two properties of matter? What are two properties of matter? • All matter has mass and takes up space. MATTER yes MIXTURE yes Is the composition uniform? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) PURE SUBSTANCE no Heterogeneous Mixture Colloids no Can it be physically separated? yes Can it be chemically decomposed? Compound Suspensions Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem no Element Element • Only 1 type of atom • Only that atom • Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen • Any one element on the periodic table Molecule/ Compound • A molecule is made up to two or more atoms joined together. • Water is a molecule made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. • DNA is also a molecule • Another word for molecule is Compound Compound • A compound is 2 or more elements combined together in definite proportions. • Compounds are CHEMICALLY bonded and require CHEMICAL means to separate them Substance • Matter that has an UNCHANGING composition • You can write a chemical equation— C6H12O6, etc • AKA pure substance • Table salt—NaCl is a substance as well as H2O—pure water • Why not seawater? Mixture • A combination of two or more pure substance in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties. • Mixing substances together can be infinite. Mixtures • A combination of two or more substances • The substances in a mixture aren’t permanently combined • Substances can be separated from the mixture and be the same as they were before they were mixed—this is a PHYSICAL change… • Mixtures are in variable ratios • http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_mixture. html • http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_mixturee x.html Sand-water & salt water Solutions • A mixture in which all parts are mixed evenly • Does not settle out clear throughout • Most solutions are homogenous • http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/mix ture/mixture.html • http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_sol ution.html Solvent—Solute • Solutions • In a solution, you have 2 parts that make up the solution. • Solvent—the dissolving agent/part like water, or orange juice or vinegar etc. • • Solute—the part to be dissolved like salt, sugar, kool aide etc. Classification of Mixtures • Homogeneousconstant composition throughout—or SAME throughout like salt + water • Heterogeneous-does not blend smoothly and the substances remain distinct like sand + water. DIFFERENT throughout Suspensions • Heterogeneous mixture is also called a suspension • Suspensions have large particles and they can settle out in layers • EX: Blood, some OJ, pizza Colloids • Consists of Medium sized particles • Milk is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based solution • Can exist as solid, liquid, or gas • Examples: fog, smoke, whipped cream States of Matter The Four States of Matter Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Chumbler - Properties of Matter 20 States of Matter The Four States of Matter Basis of Classification of the Four Types Based upon particle arrangement Based upon energy of particles Based upon distance between particles Chumbler - Properties of Matter 21 Solid Liquid Gas States of Matter Demonstration • http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/stat es_of_matter/index.html • http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_sta tes.html • http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_ch anges.html States of Matter Solids Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Solids have an infinite number of free surfaces. Chumbler - Properties of Matter 24 States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume because the particles are locked into place Solids are not easily compressible because there is little free space between particles Solids do not flow easily because the particles cannot move/slide past one another Chumbler - Properties of Matter 25 Solid Has definite shape Particles are close together and slow moving Has volume http://www.chem4k ids.com/files/matte r_solid.html Liquid Gas States of Matter Liquids Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Liquids have one free surface. Chumbler - Properties of Matter 27 States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids Liquids have an indefinite shape because the particles can slide past one another. Liquids are not easily compressible and have a definite volume because there is little free space between particles. Liquids flow easily because the particles can move/slide past one another. Chumbler - Properties of Matter 28 Solid Liquid Has a definite shape Takes on shape of container Particles are close together and slow moving Particles are farther apart and fastermoving Has volume Has volume http://www.chem4kids. com/files/matter_liquid .html Gas States of Matter Gases Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely. Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Gases have no free surfaces. Chumbler - Properties of Matter 30 States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another. Gases are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles. Gases flow very easily because the particles randomly move past one another. Chumbler - Properties of Matter 31 Solid Liquid Gas Has a definite shape Takes on shape Does not have of container definite shape Particles are close together and move slowly Has volume Particles are farther apart and faster moving Has volume Particles are farthest apart and move rapidly Expands to take up whatever space is available http://www.chem4kids. com/files/matter_gas.h tml How are particles arranged in solids, liquids, and gases? How are particles arranged in solids, liquids, and gases? • The particles of solids are close together and slow-moving. • The particles of liquids are farther apart and faster-moving than solids. • The particles of gases are farthest apart and move most rapidly. States of Matter Plasma A plasma is an ionized gas. A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Chumbler - Properties of Matter 35 States of Matter Plasma Particles The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue). Chumbler - Properties of Matter 36 Draw a model representing how particles are arranged in solids, liquids, and gases. Properties of Matter Physical Changes Physical change-a change in state • The substance is still the same substance • The FORM changes but chemical makeup doesn’t • DESCRIBES the substances Ice changes to water—water changes to ice, frozen water is still water Water changes to steam, a gas, when it is heated to its boiling point,water vapor condenses to form a liquid Properties of Matter How It Looks (Shiny ,Dull, Color, etc.) How It Feels (Hard, Soft, Rough , Smooth, etc.) How It Smells (Sweet, Sharp, Terrible, No Smell, etc.) How It Sounds (Loud, Soft, Echo, No Sound, etc.) What It Does (Bounce, Stretch, Tear, Break, Magnetism etc.) Physical changes in matter A Physical change is a change in how matter looks, but not the kind of matter is it is. Tear Cut Folded Written Liquid Solid Gas Mixture Solution Physical Properties of Common Substances Substance Color State @ 25 ○ C Melting point ○ C Boiling Point ○ C Density (g/cm3) Oxygen Colorless Gas -218 -183 0.0014 Mercury Silver Liquid -39 357 13.5 Water Colorless Liquid 0 100 1 Sucrose White Solid 185 Decomposes 1.59 Physical Properties—describe matter • Melting and boiling point are physical properties (the temperature at which a substance melts or boils) • State of matter is also a physical property (solid, liquid, gas) • Density is a physical property • Density is a measure of how closely packed an object’s atoms are • http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/hotplate/i ndex.html Other Physical Changes • • • • • • • Breaking Crushing Cutting Bending Melting Freezing Boiling • Can happen naturally • People can cause changes – Water evaporating – Rain falling and causing puddles – People cause change • Recycling paper • Recycling metal •absorption (physical) •Absorption (electromagnetic) •albedo •angular momentum •area •brittleness •boiling point •capacitance •color •concentration •density •dielectric •ductility •distribution •efficacy •Elasticity •electric charge •electrical conductivity •electrical impedance •electric field •electric potential •emission •flexibility •flow rate •fluidity •frequency •hardness •inductance •Intrinsic impedance •intensity •irradiance •length •location •luminance •Luminescence •luster •malleability •magnetic field •magnetic flux •mass •melting point •moment •momentum •opacity •permeability •permittivity •plasticity •pressure •radiance •solubility •specific heat •resistivity •reflectivity •refractive index •spin •strength •stiffness •temperature •tension •thermal conductivity •velocity •viscosity •volume •wave impedance Chemical Properties and Changes • Chemical changes change the chemical nature and properties of substances to form new substances – A match burns – Two substances mix together turn a color different from either of them – Toasting marshmallows • Melt it—physical change • Burn it—chemical change • Combustibility-a measure of how easily a substance will burn, or combine rapidly with oxygen • Corrosion of metal—when iron combines with oxygen in the air, rust forms • Gas bubbles—hydrogen peroxide on a cut • A change in color--fireworks CHEMICAL CHANGES ○ C Which one is Gold and Which on is Pyrite? Conservation of Matter • Chemical changes don’t make new matter • The total mass of the products that form equals the total mass of the substances that react.