Transcript LECTURE 2

ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LECTURE 12
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
[HANDOUT 12]
Outline:
-Location of public and semi-public buildings, civic centers,
commercial centers, local shopping centers, public schools
-Location of industry & residential areas
Asst. Prof. Rehan Masood
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION
Definition
• In geography, location is a position or point in physical
space that something occupies on Earths' surface. An
absolute location is the exact spot where something is
on the earth. An example would be the longitude and
latitude of a place.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION THEORY
In town planning location theory is quite significant theme
especially in the context of urban economics. The reason for its
significance is quite evident when a town planner place or
decide about a particular building type at some particular
location in an urban context. Because; location theory is
concerned with the geographic location of an economic activity;
it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional
science, and spatial economics. Location theory addresses the
questions of what economic activities are located where and
why. Location theory rests — like microeconomic theory
generally — on the assumption that agents act in their own self
interest. Thus firms choose locations that maximize their profits
and individuals choose locations that maximize their utility.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OF PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC BUILDINGS
• A public space refers to an area or place that is open
and accessible to all citizens, regardless of gender,
race, ethnicity, age or socio-economic level. The
example of public space is the place for commons (or
Ghareeb Awam). For example, no fees or paid tickets
are required for entry, nor are the entrants
discriminated based on background. Non-governmentowned private sector malls are examples of 'private
space' with the appearance of being 'public space'
because; poor people avoid or hesitate in entering into
such malls.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OF PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC BUILDINGS
• Public spaces are attractive for budget tourists and
homeless people, especially those that are relatively
comfortable, e.g. a shopping center that provides
shelter and, in a cold climate, is heated (or cooled in a
hot climate).
• Specifically homeless people and young people.
Measures are taken to make the public space less
attractive to them, including the removal or design of
benches to restrict their use for sleeping and resting,
restricting access to certain times, locking
indoor/enclosed areas. Police forces are sometimes
involved in moving 'unwanted' members of the public
from
public spaces.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OF PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC BUILDINGS
• A public library is also more or less a public place. A rest stop or
truck stop is a public space. For these semi-public spaces
stricter rules may apply than outside, e.g. regarding dress code,
trading, begging, advertising, propaganda, riding rollerskates,
skateboards, a Segway, etc. Typical differences between a public
space and a private space are illustrated by comparing sitting on
a public bench and sitting on a seat in a sidewalk cafe: In the
first case, usage costs nothing, in the second it requires a
purchase to be made.
• The location of public and semi public buildings in the city can
be at any suitable place where accessibility of all citizens and
availability of public and private transport can be ensured.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OFCIVIC CENTER
• A civic center or civic centre is a prominent land area
within a community that is constructed to be its focal
point or center. It usually contains one or more
dominant public buildings, which may also include a
governmen
• Thus civic centers must be centrally located in city
where they are accessible from all parts of the city at
equidistance if possible.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OFCOMMERCIAL CENTERS
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
Commercial Centers (also called Downtowns, Central Business Districts, and Urban
Villages) contain a concentration of business, civic and cultural activities, creating
conditions that facilitate interaction and exchange. This increases overall
Accessibility. Vibrant commercial centers have the following attributes:
1. DENSITY AND CLUSTERING: Commercial centers should be medium to high density;
with multi-story buildings. Densities of 50 employees or more per gross acre are
desirable. As much as possible the ground floor of buildings should have activities
and services that involve frequent public interaction (such as retail, professional
services, civic offices, etc.), with office or residential activities above, which creates
an attractive street environment while accommodating dense employment.
2. DIVERSITY: Centers contain a diverse mix of office and retail space, banks and law
offices, public institutions (such as city hall, courthouses, and other government
offices), entertainment and arts activities, and other suitable industries.
Increasingly, commercial centers also have residential buildings, either within or
nearby.
3. LOCAL AND REGIONAL IMPORTANCE: Commercial Centers should contain a
significant portion of total regional employment and business activity.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OFCOMMERCIAL CENTERS
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
4.
WALKABILITY: Most Commercial Centers are less than 250 acres in size so all
destinations are within about 10-minute walk, with good sidewalks and pathways,
pedestrian shortcuts, attractive Streetscapes, pedestrian scale and orientation,
relatively narrow streets (4 lanes or less is desirable), relatively slow vehicle traffic
(30 miles-per-hour or less is desirable), Universal Design, and a high degree of
pedestrian Security. Some have Pedways, which are indoor walking networks that
connect buildings and transportation terminals.
5. TRANSPORTATION DIVERSITY: The area should be accessible by walking, cycling,
taxi, automobile, and public transit.
6. PARKING MANAGEMENT: In order to avoid the need to devote a large portion of
land to parking, Commercial Centers require that parking be managed for efficiency
(Manfille and Shoup, 2004) It is often appropriate to use structured or underground
parking, and to limit the total amount of parking in a commercial center.
7. TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT: This refers to districts designed with features
that facilitate transit accessibility, with maximum developing within convenient
walking distance of Attractive Transit Stations.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OFCOMMERCIAL CENTERS
All municipalities / cities / regions maintain strict regulations on
commercial type zoning, and have the authority to designate any
zoned area as such. A business must be located inside of an area
zoned at least partially for commerce to operate a business in (and
out of) a commercial building.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OFSHOPPING MALL
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
•
•
•
•
A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings which contain
retail units, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit
to unit.
It is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and may be abbreviated to simply
mall) while shopping centre usually refers to open-air retail complexes.
Malls in Ireland, pronounced "maills", are very small shopping centres placed in the
centre of town. They average about twenty years in age, with a mix of local shops
and chain stores. These malls do not have shops found in the high street or modern
shopping centres. Shopping centres in the United Kingdom can be referred to as
"shopping centres", "shopping precincts", or "town centres".
A strip mall (also called a shopping plaza or mini-mall) is an open area shopping
center where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls
are typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front. They face major
traffic arterials and tend to be self-contained with few pedestrian connections to
surrounding neighborhoods.
A current trend with the purpose of screening the parking lot from the street and
nearby residences is locating the buildings with little to no setback from the street.
Some stores may allow for entrances from both the street sidewalk and the parking
lot.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Public school is normally split up into three stages: primary
(elementary) school (kindergarten to 4th or 5th or 6th grade),
junior high (also "intermediate", or "middle") school (5th or
6th or 7th to 8th or 9th) and high school (9th or 10th to 12th,
somewhat archaically also called "secondary school"), with
some less populated communities incorporating high school as
7th to 12th. Some Junior High Schools (Intermediate Schools)
contain 7th to 9th grades or 7th and 8th, in which case the
High School is 10th to 12th or 9th to 12th respectively. The
middle school format is increasing in popularity, in which the
Elementary School contains kindergarten through 5th grade
and the Middle School contains 6th through 8th grade.
•
Thus the location of public school may vary in each context i.e. it
may be located within city center in old city down town areas or in
the outskirts of the city in more natural environments.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
•
An industry consists of firms that each have common
characteristics in terms of the nature of their economic
activity.
The chemical industry, for example, is made up of hundreds of
firms that have the common characteristic of being involved in
either dealing with or manufacturing chemicals. These
chemicals might be used for a wide variety of different
processes, including agriculture, construction, medicines and a
wide range of others - textiles, plastics, and paper, cleaning
and so on. Individual firms might choose to set up their
business in a variety of locations. In some cases, businesses
with common characteristics are very widely spread. Other
industries tend to have firms that might be clustered in a
particular area. The crucial factor in many cases will be locating
where costs of production can be minimised.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
1.
2.
3.
There are a number of factors that will influence where a business will choose to
locate.
NEARNESS TO POWER: Some firms require either a certain type of power/energy
source or particular amounts to be able to operate effectively. This means that one
consideration for location is somewhere that has relatively easy access to such
sources. This might be particularly relevant for a business that uses large amounts
of power in the production process.
NEARNESS TO MARKET: Access to a market for the good or service produced is an
important component for some firms. The market in this context is referring to the
customers who buy the good or service produced. In some cases, this can be the
general public at large; others might be far narrower. For example, some businesses
sell their output to a small number of other businesses.
NEARNESS TO A SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS: Some firms may rely on a source of
raw materials for their business. If these raw materials are nearby, it is pretty much
common sense that transport costs can be reduced if the firm is located nearby
rather than far away. This might be particularly relevant for bulk reducing firms.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
There are a number of factors that will influence where a business will choose to
locate.
4. NEARNESS TO A SUPPLY OF LABOUR: All businesses need labour to operate. In some
cases, this labour has to have high levels of skill. Some areas have concentrations of
industry in a region and have become known for having a pool of skilled labour
available. As a result, firms in the locality know that they have access to good quality
labour.
5. PROXIMITY OF OTHER BUSINESSES - EXTERNAL ECONOMIES OF SCALE: Where
industry becomes concentrated in an area, there are generally a number of
supporting or ancillary firms set up. In some cases, these firms supply specialised
services or products to other firms in the industry. In and around fishing ports, for
example, there might be specialist engine services, specialists in marine insurance,
firms specialising in processing and distribution and so on. In such cases, any new
firm seeking to enter the market might well gain benefits from the fact that the
industry is concentrated in that area.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
There are a number of factors that will influence where a business will
choose to locate.
6. THE REPUTATION OF AN AREA:Certain areas of the country have a reputation
for particular types of business - this might often be due to its industrial
past. Staffordshire is associated with high quality pottery, Nottingham with
fine lace, The City for its financial expertise and Sheffield for its steel - just
some examples. Any firm linked with those industries setting up in these
areas might well be able to trade on the back of the reputation of the area.
7. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES: Firms that rely on good
communications networks either for information transfer or distribution
may well look to locate in areas where such facilities exist. This may include
high quality road networks, access to trains, airports, ports and so on. Many
new industrial estates have been built in out of town areas and major new
trunk roads linking these estates with major road networks make locating in
these areas worthwhile for some firms.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
There are a number of factors that will influence where a business will
choose to locate.
8. INCENTIVES: As the structure of industry changes, different regions of the
country might experience different levels of economic growth. In some
regions, the decline of old traditional industries like coal and steel has not
been offset by a growth in new industries. The availability of low rent
premises, faster planning permissions, employment subsidies (a sum of
money given for every job created), reduced red tape, grants etc. can make a
difference to a firm that decides to locate in that area.
9. COMPETITION:
Firms will be aware of the extent of the competition in an area when they
are looking to locate their business. If there are several other similar
businesses in the locality, it might influence their decision about location.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
•
There are a number of factors that will influence where a business will
choose to locate.
8. OPPORTUNITIES FOR EXPANSION: Many businesses might be looking for
opportunities to expand in the future. Access to land, and the ease with
which the business can expand if necessary, might therefore be something
that a business will want to find out before making a location decision, or at
least as part of a location decision. In some areas of the country, planning
permission may be difficult to get - there may be restrictions on expansion
into the countryside, various policies to encourage use of derelict land and
so on. Whilst this may be of benefit to society as a whole, it is not
necessarily the most cost-effective solution for a business. In some areas of
the country, land and rental prices can be significant factors in location
decisions.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
PHYSICAL FACTORS
• Raw materials: The factory needs to be close to these if they are heavy and
bulky to transport.
• Energy supply: This is needed to work the machines in a factory. Early
industries were near to coalfields. Today, electricity allows more freedom.
• Natural Routes: River valleys and flat areas were essential in the days before
railways and motorways made the movement of materials easier.
• Site and Land: Most industries require large accessible areas of cheap, flat
land on which to build their factories.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OF INDUTRIES AND FIRMS
HUMAN AND ECONOMIC FACTORS:
• Labour: A large cheap labour force is required for labour-intensive
manufacturing industries. High-tech industries have to locate where suitable
skilled workers are available.
• Market: An accessible place to sell the products is essential for many
industries i.e. those that produce bulky, heavy goods that are expensive to
transport; those that produce perishable or fragile goods; those that provide
services to people. The market is not so important for other industries such
as high-tech whose products are light in weight and cheap to transport. Such
industries are said to be 'footloose'.
• Transport: A good transport network helps reduce costs and make the
movement of materials easier.
• Cost of land: Greenfield sites in rural areas are usually cheaper than
Brownfield sites in the city.
• Capital: This is the money that is invested to start the business. The amount
of capital will determine the size and location of the factory. Government
policies: Industrial development is encourages in some areas and restricted
in© others.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OF RESIDENTIAL AREA
• A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates,
as different from industrial and commercial areas. Housing may
vary significantly between, and through, residential areas.
These include single family housing, multiple family housing
such as (apartments, duplexes, townhomes (or similar
configurations), condominiums) or mobile homes. Zoning for
residential use may permit some services or work opportunities
or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high
density land use or only permit low density uses.
• Residential Differentiation are some of the various zones under
which Residential Areas fall i.e. inner city residential, inner
mixed zone, established residential, new development, urbanrural fringe, rural residential, sub-regional centers.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR REHAN MASOOD
LOCATION OF RESIDENTIAL AREA
• The concentration of high quality community services, together
with proximity to the centre of city and the good access to
public transport, are necessary attraction for people who wish
to live there. A more accurate prediction can be made of the
types of housing required to satisfy the diverse characteristics
of our population when further research in the form of a
detailed "Residential Housing Needs Strategy" is undertaken.
• The residential areas shall be located in such a way in any city
that may fulfill the functions of living working and recreation
of a family. Furthermore; there are variety of housing types
such as low income middle income and high income housing
whereas; the location of each of these housing types subject
to the level of affordability of a family to live within close
proximity to city center or in the outskirts of the city.
© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN