Transcript Lecture 4 - Department of Geography, HKU

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Geography of Human Settlements
Why human settlement?
* Questions to be discussed
•
Tutorial Announcement
Time:
Place:
•
•
•
10:30-12:25
29th February Wednesday
Lecture Theatre P1
Web: http://geog.hku.hk/undergrad/geog1017
User ID:
GEOG1017
Password:
LinP1
(Both ID and password are case-sensitive)
Geography of Human Settlements
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Types and Organization
Rural Settlements
Urban Settlements
Cities in Major World Regions
I. Types and Organization
•
Types
Conurbation (Megalopolis)
Urban
Cities
Towns
Rural
Villages
Hamlets
Isolated Farmhouse
•
Classification by size & function
Settlement Classification in China
Settlement
Urban
Settlement
Population Size
Extra-large Cities
≥ 1 million
Large Cities
500 thous. to 1 million
Medium Cities
200 thous. to 500 thous.
Small Cities
100 thous. to 200 thous
Designated Towns
2 thous. to 100 thous
Settlement Classification in China
Settlement
Rural
Settlement
Population Size
Undesignated Towns (集鎮)
1000 ~ 2000
Village Alliance (鄉)
500 ~ 1000
Village (村)
100 ~ 500
Classification by function
1) Harris Intuitive / Arbitrary Classification
Percentage of Employment
Function
> 45%
Manufacturing
> 15%
Mining
> 11%
Transport
> 25%
University
2) Nelson’s Classification
~ calculate national average of labour force
~ special function: exceeds the national average
by 1 standard deviation
Functional specialization of American cities
Functional specialization of selected U.S. metropolitan areas
Settlement Hierarchy
Zipf’s rank-size rule: If all urban settlements are
ranked in descending order of population, the
population of the nth town will be 1/nth that of the
largest.
Pn: Population of the nth town
P1
Pn =
n
P1: Population of the largest city
n: rank
Rank
1
2
3
4
City
New York
Chicago
Los Angeles
Philadelphia
P3 = P1= 8 = 2.6 million
3
3
Population (million)
8
4
2.6
2
Organization of Settlements
1. Primary Pattern
~ dominated by a primate city (has a population of more
than twice the 2nd largest city)
Example: Mexico City
Bangkok
Calcutta
~ usually national capital
~ characteristic of less developed countries
~ destination for low-income migrants
Rank-size distribution of American cities, 1790-1990
Primate city evolution
Organization of Settlements
2. Stepped Order Pattern
~ more than one settlement of similar size at every level like a
stairway
Example: Guangzhou
Foshan
Jiangmen
Shantou
Zhangjiang
> 3 million
200,000 ~ 500,000
~ characteristic of developing / industrializing countries economies
Organization of Settlements
3. Binary Pattern
~ a number of settlements of similar size dominate the
upper end of the hierarchy
Example: U.S.A.
New York City
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Atlanta
~ characteristic of developed countries
II. Rural Settlements
•
•
•
Significance
Questions to be discussed
Characteristics of Rural Settlements
~ rely on primary activities
~ intimate relation with the nature
~ less mobile
~ friendly
~ morphology
Historical Development
Economy: Primary → Secondary → Tertiary
Settlement: Rural
Settlements
Intensive farming
Extensive farming
Plentiful resources
Scarce resources
→
→
→
→
Urban
Settlements
larger villages
smaller villages
larger
smaller
Location, Distribution, Form
~ Location
* Water supply
* Dry land
* Shelter & outlook
* Commuting
* Trade & Transport
* Defense
Distribution
* Cluster Random Regular Cluster Linear
Pattern
* Agglomerated
Intensive farming
Communal cultivation
Crop cultivation
Long history
High density
Dispersed
Extensive
Individual
Pastoral
New
Low
Form
~ Village Form
* Cluster / Agglomerated
* Fragmented
* Linear
* Open space
* Double
Basic settlement forms
III. Urban Settlements
•
•
•
•
Questions to be discussed
Significance
Characteristics
Statistical Definitions
USA
Canada
China
India
Italy
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Mininum
Population
2,500
1,000
20,000
5,000
Population Density Non-agriculture
(person/sq miles) Employment(%)
1,000
>10
>50
250
A hypothetical spatial arrangement of urban units within a metropolitan area
A generalized representation of the proportion of the workforce engaged in
basic and nonbasic activities
Growth of Urban Settlements
~ Origins
~ Location
* Processing & Service Centres
* Manufacturing
* Transportation hubs
* Political Centres
* Defense: Protection
* Trade: connection
Early Centers of Urbanism
The diffusion of urban life with the expansion of certain empires.
Trade-route city sites. These sites are at strategic
positions along transportation arteries.
Types of defensive city sites. Natural protection is
afforded by physical features.
Coal mines and oil fields in China
Railroad systems in China.
Growth of Urban Settlements
~ Contemporary Trends & Distribution
•
•
•
•
Megalopolis: an extended urbanized area formed by
the gradual merger of several large cities. e.g.
Boston – N.Y. – D.C.
Conurbation: a process
World Cities: function as the control points for
international finance, production and marketing
Network Cities: nearby, complementary in
functions, linked by high-speed transport
Percentage of national population classified as urban, 2007
Trends of world urbanization
Past and projected urban and rural population growth
Average annual urban population growth rates, 1990-2004
Megalopolis and other Anglo American conurbations
A functional hierarchy of U.S. metropolitan areas
The pattern of metropolitan growth and decline in the United States, 1990-2000
Population of Metropolitan Area
Metropolitan areas of 3 million or more in 2006
China Seen in US LandSat December 2011
Mega Cities: London, Shanghai, and Mexico City
A classification of world (or global) cities
The industrial region of Japan are primarily coastal and dependent
on imported raw materials and access to the world’s markets.