Transcript File - Mrs. Goldstein`s Class

Key Issue 1
Shoppers in
Salzburg,
Austria
Origins & Types of Services
 Types of services divided into three types
 Consumer services: provide services to
individual consumers who desire them
& can afford them
 Business services: facilitate other
businesses
 Public services: provide security and
protection for citizens and businesses
Percent GDP from Services, 2005
2/3 of GDP in MDCs are in Service Industry
Less than ½ in LDCs are in Service Industry
Fig. 12-1: Services contribute over two-thirds of GDP in more developed countries,
compared to less than one-half in less developed countries.
Consumer Services
 Provide services to individual consumers
 Nearly ½ of jobs in US
 Four main types:
 Retail & wholesale services
 Education services
 Health services
 Leisure and hospitality services
Retail and Wholesale Services
 11% of US jobs: retail
 Department stores
 Grocers
 Cars
 Building materials
 Clothing
Education Services
 11% of jobs in US
 2/3 of educators in public schools
 1/3 in private schools
 Counted in public-sector
Health Services
 10% of jobs in US
 Hospitals
 Doctor’s offices
 Nursing homes
Leisure & Hospitality Services
 10% of all jobs
 ¾ of these jobs are restaurants & bars
 ¼ of these jobs in lodging/entertainment
Eco-tourism in Costa Rica
Rapidly growing sector, especially in MDCs
Multitrillion dollar industry
Generates several hundred million jobs
Especially important in Latin America/Caribbean islands: near US
Read p.402
List Pros/Cons of EcoTourism
of this growing industry
Costa Rica’s Tortuguero National Park draws eco-tourists to the tropical rainforest.
Business Services
 Services that primarily meet the needs of other
businesses, including professional, financial, and
transportation services
 ¼ of jobs in US
Financial Services
 6% of US Jobs
 FIRE
 Financial: ½
 Insurance: 1/3
 Real Estate
Professional Services
 13% of US jobs
 Management positions
 Technical services: law, accountant, architecture,
engineering, design, consulting
 Support Services: clerical, secretarial, custodial
Transportation and Similar Services
 Businesses that diffuse/distribute services
 6% of US jobs
 Transportation: trucking
 Information services: publishing, broadcasting
 Utilities: water & electricity
Public Services
 To provide security and protection for citizens &
businesses
 16% of US jobs
 Federal government
 State government
 Local government
Changes in Number of
Employees
 Change in classification of jobs makes changes
difficult to compare
 Service Sector: expansion in professional services
 Engineering, management, law
 Consumer Service: expansion in healthcare,
recreation/entertainment
 Public Services: declining. Many federal jobs have
moved to state & local
Employment
Change in U.S.
Fig 12-2: Growth in employment in the
U.S. since 1970 has been
entirely in the tertiary
sector, with the greatest
increase in professional
services.
Origin of Services
 Services clustered in settlements
 First…
 Early Consumer Services
 Early Public Services
 Later…
 Early Business Services
Early Consumer Services
 Early consumer services: Bury the dead
 Honor dead, celebrate anniversary of death
 Permanent resting places, priests for services
 Encouraged building of structures
 House families
 Pots, tools, clothing, educate children
 Evolved to include schools, libraries, theatres,
museums
 Became manufacturing centers: stones, tools,
weapons, wood
Early Public Services
 Followed religious activities
 Political leaders chose permanent settlements
 Vulnerable for attack: needed soldiers
 Surround settlement with wall for defense
 Centers of military power
Early Business Services
 Transportation Services
 Import food from other settlements
 Allowed access to wide variety of vegetation, animals,
minerals
 Some settlements became neutral warehouse centers
for surplus goods tor trade
 New services: setting prices, regulate trade, keep
records, create currency system
Services in Contemporary
Rural Settlements
 Settlements surrounded by fields, where food was
grown by planting & raising animals
 Most people live in rural settlements today
 Clustered Rural Settlements: number of families
live in close proximity to each other, with fields
surrounding the collection of houses & farm buildings
 Dispersed rural settlements: contemporary North
American rural landscape , farmers live on isolated
farms, away from neighbors
Clustered Rural Settlements
 Includes homes, barns, tool sheds,
 Consumer services: religious structures, schools, shops
 Public/Business services also present
 Each person allocated land for farming (rent/own)
 Land may be allocate for specific agric purpose
 Encourages living near farm settlements, less distance
between fields
Clustered Rural Settlements
 Satellite Settlement
 New settlements created when population grew
 Great Offley
 Little Offley
 Offley Grange
 Clustered within a few kilometers of each other
Growth of Rural Settlements
Fig. 12-3: The establishment of satellite settlements in a rural landscape over time
is illustrated by the number of places named “Offley” in this area.
Circular Rural Settlements
 Central open space
 Surrounded by structures
 Krall Villages in Southern Africa


Livestock in center
Surrounded by houses
 East Africa: Masai people
 German: Gewandorf settlement
 Seen in Von Thunen’s Model
Circular Kraal Villages in
Southern Africa
Linear Rural Settlements
 Buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to
facilitate communications
 Fields extend behind buildings in long, narrow strips
 Seen along St Lawrence River in Quebec and lower
Mississippi River , settled by the French
 “Long-Lot” Sytsem: houses along river
Rural Settlement Patterns
Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns
are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.
Clustered New England Town
Newfane, Vermont is a clustered settlement with public buildings built around
a common.