Transcript AP Test Review

AP Test Review
What are the 5 Themes of Geography?
• Location, Movement, Place, HumanEnvironment Interaction, Region
What are the major HEI theories?
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Environmental determinism
Cultural determinism
Possibilism
Political ecology
Populations Pyramids Review
• Triangle - ?
• Column - ?
What are push factors?
• Anything that “pushes” you out of the area
What are pull factors?
• Anything that “pulls” you – an attraction
Who created Laws of Migration?
Ravenstein’s Laws
1. Net migration amounts to only a fraction of gross
migration.
2. Most migrants only go a short distance.
3. Migrants who do move far tend to choose big city
destinations.
4. Urban residents are less migratory than rural
residents.
5. Most international migrants are young adults.
6. Most migrants proceed step-by-step.
Continuation...
7. Large cities tend to grow by migration, rather than by
natural increase.
8. Major cause of voluntary migration is economic.
9. Females are more migratory than males within their
country of birth, but males frequently venture beyond.
10. Migration increases in volume as industries and
commerce develop and transport improves.
11. The usual direction of migration is from agricultural
areas to centres of industry and commerce.
What are two main forms of
migration?
• International and Internal
What are two main forms of
internal migration?
• Intraregional and interregional
What are the stages of the DTM,
Epidemiological Transition Model,
and the Migration model?
Transitions
and Stages
DTM
Epidemiologic
Migration
1
2
3
4
5
Transitions
and Stages
DTM
Epidemiologic
(Abdel Omran)
Migration
(Zelinsky)
1
2
3
4
BR – High
DR – High
NIR – Low
BR – High
DR – Rap
decline
NIR - High
BR – Rap
decline
DR – cont.
decline
NIR - moderate
BR – Low
DR – Low
NIR – Low/
possible
decrease
CDR – High
Pestilence
and Famine
CDR – Rap.
Decline
Receding
Pandemics
CDR – Mod.
Declining
Degenerative
Diseases
CDR – Low,
but increasing
Delayed
Degenerative
(Olshansky
and Ault)
High daily or
seasonal
mobility in
search of
food
High
international
emigration and
interregional
migration from
rural to urban
High
international
immigration
and
intraregional
migration from
cities to
suburbs
Same as
Stage 3
What are the four main types of
distortion?
Projection- method of transferring locations on the Earth’s
surface
Types of Distortion:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shape
Distance
Relative Size
Direction
Mercator Projection
Good for
showing
accurate
shape, polar
areas much
larger than
real life
Peters Projection
Shows shape
and size
accurately but
distorts
location
Advertised as
the non-racist
map 
Robinson Projection
Size is accurate
but distance and
direction are
distorted;
popular in
schools.
What, Where, and Who?
Mosque of the Prophet
• Muhammad’s burial place
• Medina
What, Where, Why?
Al-Masjid Al-Haram
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The Sacred Mosque
Mosque of the Kaaba
Mecca
Hajj, one of the 5 Pillars
Who, What, Where?
Vatican City
• Walled enclave inside Rome
• Papal residence
• Smallest internationally recognized
independent state / 842 residents
• Seat of Roman Catholic Church
Marriage within your own faith?
Intrafaith marriage
Marriage outside your own race?
Exogamy
Route to Chicago?
I-55
Route to Detroit
I-75
Groups affected in 2003 invasion of
Iraq – how did they feel?
• Sunni – hated US invasion – overthrew
leadership
• Shiite – hated due to U.S. long stand hostility
with fellow Shiites in Iran, even though being
oppressed in Iraq
• Kurds – welcomed US – hoping to gain
momentum for homeland
What group tried ethnic cleansing in
Kosovo?
Serbia attempted to move all
Albanians
• Kosovo not recognized by Serbia or Russia
WHY did Yugoslavia break up?
• Ethnic diversity
• Lack of strong leader
• Centrifugal forces
Name for breakup of Yugoslavia?
Balkanization
Cultural tradition best describes one’s
what?
Ethnicity
Biological characteristics best
describes one’s what?
Race
Language family associated with Indian
subcontinent?
Dravidian
Language family for Mandarin?
Sino-Tibetan
Largest language family?
Indo-European
Concept of large group of African
Americans in the southeast or
Asians in the west?
Ethnic Clustering - Regional Scale
According to Urban Ethnic
Clustering Patterns, how is L.A.
divided up?
North – Whites
South – Central – African Americans
Southwest – Asians
East – Hispanics
Political practice of adjusting voting
district boundaries in order to benefit
the interest of one political group is
called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Devolving
Territorializing
Gerrymandering
Morphology
Minority-majority districting
Which of the following is an example
of a fragmented state?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Chile
China
Germany
Indonesia
Nigeria
Kurds living in Syria, Iraq, Turkey,
Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran is an
example of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Multi-nation state
Unitary state
Microstate
Fragmented state
Stateless nation
All of the following are characteristics
of most of the world’s dependencies
except:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Most are remnants of empires
Most are located in relatively isolated areas
Most have small populations
Most are islands
Most are located in the southern hemisphere
A unitary political system is one that:
A. Concentrates policymaking power in the
hands of one individual
B. Concentrates policymaking power in one
geographic place
C. Has only one branch of government – the
executive
D. Does not allow direct elections of public
officials
E. Has only one house in the legislature
Which is not one of the Three Pillars (Spheres
of Authority) of the European Union?
A. Trade and economics united under single
currency and the creation of the European
Central Bank
B. Common authority over justice and
immigration
C. Common foreign and defense policies
D. Common domestic and healthcare policies
Who established the Organic
Geopolitical theory?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Friedrich Ratzel
Nicholas Spykman
Sir Halford Mackinder
Alfred Mahan
Immanual Wallerstein
Which of the following types of political
organizations most directly reflects the
current trend toward integration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Illiberal democracies
Unitary governments
Supranational organizations
National legislatures
Confederal governments
Which of the following is an example of a
centrifugal forces within a nation state?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Ethnic homogeneity
Strong national economy
Strong sense of nationalism
Economic equality among regions
Development of factions
States with the ability to carry out actions or
policies within their borders independently from
interference are said to have:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Nationalism
Liberal democracy
Traditional legitimacy
Sovereignty
Government
A group of people bound together by a
common identity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
State
Nation
Regime
Institution
Political system
Washington, DC is not a good example
of a primate city because it is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Not a forward capital
Not a capital city
Close to the geographic center of the U.S.
Not disproportionately larger in relation to
other U.S. cities
E. Not located in a core area of the U.S.
“Shatterbelts” are geographical zones
where tensions often explode based on:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Economic boundaries
Cultural boundaries
Physical boundaries
Geometric boundaries
Functional boundaries
Which of the following is not a
landlocked state?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Czech Republic
Switzerland
Afghanistan
Kazakhstan
South Africa
During the late 1930s, Germany invaded
Czechoslovakia and Poland, areas with large
numbers of German minorities. This type of
expansionism is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Territoriality
Devolution
Economic imperialism
Irredentism
Integration
According to Halford Mackinder’s theory,
which of the following countries would
mostly dominate the world?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Japan
United States
United Kingdom
Soviet Union
India
A functional boundary dispute arises
when neighboring states cannot agree on:
A. Natural resources that lie in border areas
B. Policies that apply in a border area
C. The ownership of a region around mutual
borders
D. Where the border actually is
E. Where citizen from one or both states may
settle
Which of the following is not a
supranational organization?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
European Union
NATO
NAFTA
United Nations
U.S. Republican Party
People of French heritage who live in the
province of Quebec have created
devolutionary forces in:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Austria
Spain
Canada
France
Switzerland
An example of a state with a federal
system is (was):
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Britain
France
Confederate States of America
United States
Germany
Thailand is to a _____ state as South
Africa is to a _____ state.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Fragmented / Prorupted
Prorupted / Perforated
Perforated / Elongated
Fragmented / Compact
Compact / Prorupted
Tractors, pesticides, and exporting
goods are 3 parts of what?
Third Agricultural Revolution
When 3rd world countries (LDCs)
adopted Third Agricultural Revolution
practices?
Green Revolution
Green Revolution most successful in
what country?
India
• Synthetic rice
• Use of irrigation systems to create “artificial”
monsoon
What is another name for
sustainable agriculture?
Organic Agriculture
What are the 3 fossil fuels?
Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
Are fossil fuels renewable or
nonrenewable sources of fuel?
Nonrenewable
What resource does nuclear power
come from?
Uranium
• Russia – large resources
Plant and animal material burned
for fuel without increasing carbon
levels in the atmosphere?
Biomass
• Switchgrass, poplar, willow
Which agricultural revolution was
accelerated by the Industrial
Revolution; increasing use of tools?
Second Agricultural Revolution
What is caused from permitting
incoming solar radiation but
inhibiting outgoing terrestrial
radiation?
Greenhouse Effect
What are the 3 gases most
involved in the Greenhouse Effect?
Water vapor, carbon, methane
What started the First Agricultural
Revolution?
Vegetative Agriculture
(roots/stems)
• Seed agriculture came later
What ring did Von Thünen place
the livestock?
4th ring
What are the 2 things necessary to
maximize profits?
Decrease transportation and
production costs
How does putting livestock in 4th
ring maximize profit?
Decreases transportation costs
since animals are self-transporting
Who had a theory that the agricultural methods
depend on the size of the population. The
larger the world population grows, the
more innovations are made to make
feeding the expanding population possible.
Ester Boserup
• More optimistic than Thomas Malthus
Who identified 11 agricultural
hearths?
Carl Sauer
What was the agricultural hearth
for wheat and barley?
Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent)
What is the agricultural hearth for
the potato?
South America (current day Peru)
Most of the world uses what type
of agriculture?
Shifting cultivations
What type of agriculture uses
double cropping?
Intensive Subsistence Farming
• Farming to survive
• Having to make the most of the land due to
population demands
What is the term for growing
multiple crops on the same land?
• Growing a fragile crop between 2 rows of
durable crops to protect fragile crops from
downpour
Intertillage
If you’re tying to use less artificial
fertilizers (more sustainable
agriculture), you can help keep the
soil from drying out by planting
peanuts after having planting
tobacco the season before. This
would be:
Crop Rotation
Shifting cultivations exist in
societies with what 3 factors?
• Low technology
• High amounts of land
• Low population
Cash cropping is to ____ as
subsistence farming is to ________.
A. Intensive; extensive
C. Extensive; intensive
B. Plantations; agribusiness
D. Agribusiness; aquaculture
C – Extensive; intensive
What happens to sea levels and
storms in the Global warming
hypothesis?
Both increase
Why is the Middle East known as
the Fertile Crescent?
Location of first sedentary farms/
1st urban society (city-state)
Name of Von Thünen’s book and
from where?
The Isolated State; Germany
Teacher, accountant, and banker
are example of what sector?
Quaternary
College Professor; Research Lab
Geneticist?
Quinary Sector
6 major assumptions of Von
Thünen
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•
•
•
•
Only 1 market
Dietary preferences from Germany
Maximize profits
All points in model are equal distance
Physical environment is uniform
Farmers are market oriented