Transcript By Ms Behjat Jami

(a multimedia presentation)
By Ms Behjat Jami
Ms Behjat Jami
1
IMPORTANT TERMS - I
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Avalanche : A huge mass of snow that moves down the slope.
Bar: Alluvial terrace an old flood plain fairly high to active flood plain.
Bet: Active flood plain.
Doab / Interfluves: Land between two rivers.
Dhand: Small salt lake.
Khaddar: Fresh Alluvium.
Karez : Irrigation Method used in Balochistan which consists of a watertunnel or a narrow under ground canal.
Landslide: landslide is the movement of rocks and soil down the
mountain slopes.
Mountain: A raised part of the earth with a peak ,steep slope attaining
over 1000 meters height than a hill.
Range : A group of mountains is called a range.
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IMPORTANT
TERMS - II
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Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground.
Plain: A flat land with fertile soils used to grow
crops.
Topography: The arrangement of the natural
and artificial features of an area.
The synonyms of topography are land forms/
physical
features/
physiography
and
configuration of earth surface.
Relief: The specific forms of a physical feature.
Climate: the generalization of the all
atmospheric conditions prevailing in any area for
last 30 years.
Economic activities: All activities which are
carried out to produce something.
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NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY
&
DRAINAGE
(A multimedia presentation)
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Geographical Terms

Topography:
the study of surface of earth is
called topography (mountains,
rivers, deserts, forests etc.)

Drainage:
the natural flow of water on
earth surface is called drainage
(river, stream & waterfalls etc.)
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Geographical Terms
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Relief features:
topographic features or shape of
the surface of a particular areas
or land e.g. Potwar plateau or
the Northern mountains
Alluvium:
the fine sand and minerals
which come with river water
due to soil erosion are called
alluvium
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Geographical Terms
Piedmont plain:
the foot hill area of a mountain
is called piedmont plain
 Plateau:
the little high flat land above
the normal level of land is
called a plateau

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Geographical Terms

Delta:
a small ‘V’ shaped sediment
island on a river mouth is
called delta

Pass:
a passage or land route among
mountains is called a Pass
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Geographical Terms
Doab (Interfluves) :
the land b/w two rivers is called
Doab or interfluves
 Bar upland:
the high land on a Doab is called
Bar upland
 Alluvial terrace:
the Bar upland is also called as
Alluvial terrace

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PHYSICAL
REGIONS
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PHYSICAL REGIONS
Northern Mountains
 Western Mountains
 Indus Plains
 Coastal Plain
 Deserts
 Plateaus

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Northern
Mountains
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Northern Mountains
Karakoram Range
(extreme North East)
 Central Himalayas
(parallel to Karakoram range)
 Outer Himalayas
(parallel to Central Himalayas)
 Siwalik Range
(parallel to Outer Himalayas )

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Northern Mountains

Hindu Kush Range
(extreme North West)
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Dir Range
(N-S. East of Safed Koh Range)
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Swat Range
(N-S… parallel to Dir Range )
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Kohistan Range
(N-S.. parallel to Swat Range )
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PEAKS
S. No
Peak
Range
Height
(m)
1
K-2
Karakoram
8611
2
Tirich
Mir
Nanga
Parbat
3
4
Hindu Kush 7690
Central
Himalayas
8126
Murkushi Karakoram
5833
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PASSES
S . No
Pass
Range Height
(m)
1
Khunjerab
K.K
4733
2
Babusar
C.H
4173
3
Dorah
H.K
4554
4
Karakoram
K.K
5575
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GLACIERS
S . No
GLACIER
Range Length
(Km)
1
Siachin
K.K
78
2
Biafo
K.K
62
3
4
Baltoro
Batura
K.K
K.K
58
59
5
Sakiz Jarab
H.K
32
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An Arial view of the Himalayas
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Ice
River
Glaciers in Karakoram Range
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KARAKORAM RANGE
Glacier Formation
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Godwin Austin
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K-2
22
Gasherbrum Peaks
Ms Behjat Jami
Left to right: Gasherbrum
IV, V, VI & VII 23
Rakaposhi
Height: Ms
7,788
m
Behjat Jami
(Himalayas)
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Snow capped Range
Snow Line
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Muztagh Tower
Height: 7,273 m
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Hindu Kush
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PHYSICAL FEATURES
Snow capped; high rise peaks
 Big glaciers among ranges
 Source of rivers in subcontinent
 Mountains passes & gorges
 Foothill valleys (lakes & W. Falls)
 Rain shadow area
 Scarce vegetation

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CLIMATIC FEATURES
Temperature remains low
 Harsh winter with heavy
snowfall
 Short summer with moderate
rainfall
 Sun shines everyday except
rainy days
 Cool air moves slow
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Western
Mountains
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Western Mountains
All mountains in western, central
and south NWFP come under this
category
 All mountains in Baluchistan
come under this category
 Important mountain Ranges:
 Safed Koh Range
(above Khyber pass)

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Western Mountains
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Waziristan Hills
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Sulaiman Range
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Kirthar Range
(S-W… NWFP)
(border b/w P & NWFP)
(border b/w Sindh & Balochistan)
Toba Kakar Range
(N-W Balochistan)
 Siahan Range

(Central Balochistan)
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Western Mountains
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Central Makran Range
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Coastal Makran Range
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Central Bruhi Range
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Pub Range
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Hala Range
(Central Baluchistan)
(coastal Baluchistan)
(Central Baluchistan)
(S-E Baluchistan)
(S-E Balochistan)
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PEAKS (W.M)
S.No
Peak
Range
Height
(m)
1
Sikeram
Safed Koh
4760
2
Takht-eSulaiman
Sulaiman
3383
3
Kutto-joQabar
Kirthar
2097
4
Ras Koh
Ras Koh
3004
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PASSES
S.No
Pass
Range
Height
(m)
5
Khyber
Safed Koh
1067
6
Bolan
Sulaiman
989
7
Khojak Toba Kakar
8
Gomal
Waziristan
700
9
Tochi
Waziristan
580
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1312
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PHYSICAL FEATURES
Medium height mountains
 Barren land and Badland
 Water is scarce
 Seasonal Rivers
 Scattered vegetation
 Natural passes
 Parallel ranges

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BADLAND
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CLIMATIC FEATURES
Long summer with high
temperature
 Weather extremes
 Short and cold winter
 Rainfall in Summer & winter
due to both Monsoon and
Western Depression

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INDUS
PLAINS
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INDUS PLAINS
The plain area which comes
under the effect of the river
Indus and its eastern tributaries
is called ‘Indus plain’ or ‘Indus
Basin’
 The Indus plain starts from
South of ‘Himalayas’ and spread
over Punjab & Sindh down to
Arabian sea
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KEY
Sindh Sagar Doab
Chaj Doab
Rachna Doab
Bari Doab
Start
of
Lower
Indus
Plain
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Eastern Tributaries
Jhelum River
 Chenab River
 Ravi River
 Sutlej River
 Beas River
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(India)
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THE INDUS PLAIN
Start of
Lower
Indus
Plain
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INTERFLUVES (DOAB)
Sind Sagar Doab
(b/w Indus & Jhelum)
 Chaj Doab
(b/w Jhelum & Chenab)
 Rachna Doab
(b/w Chenab & Ravi)
 Bari Doab
(b/w Ravi & Sutluj)

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INTERFLUVES (DOAB)
CONFLUENCE
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Alluvial Terrace
( Bar Upland)
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Kirana Bar in Chaj Doab
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Sandal Bar in Rachna Doab
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Ganji Bar in upper Bari Doab
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Nili Bar in lower Bari Doab
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Physical Features
The length of the river Indus
in Pakistan is 2900Km
 Lake Mansrowar is the origin
of the Indus in Tibet China
 Indus passes through world
highest mountainous region
 The Indus Enters in plain areas
at Kalabagh

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Physical Features
Indus plains are highly fertile
land with plenty of water
 East of Slaiman-Kirthar range
is the piedmont plain
 Sindh Sagar Doab (Thal desert)
is in the East of Indus
 All Doabs have Bar uplands
 Bari Doab have two Bar
uplands

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Drainage
River Jhelum joins river Chenab
near Jhang
 River Ravi joins river Chenab
near Shorkot
 River Sutluj joins river Ravi near
Alipur
 Soan river in Potwar plateau
joins the river Indus at Attock

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Drainage
Water of all rivers come in one
river called Punjnad River at
Panjnad
 Punjnad river joins Indus at
Mitthan Kot and enters in Sindh
 In lower plain the Indus river
passes through wide plain area
up to the Arabian sea

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INDUS
DELTA
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INDUS DELTA
A delta is formed at river mouth
due to sedimentation process
done by the river
 Sand and silt which come with
the river water settle in the sea
bed; slowly a small island
comes out of the surface of the
sea is called Delta
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INDUS DELTA
ARABIAN
SEA
The
Indus
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INDUS DELTA
Physical Features
It is a marsh land or wetland
 It has great mangrove forest
on the whole length of the
Sindh coast
 It has many fish harbors and
small ports like Keti Bandar &
Shah Bandar

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DESERTS
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DESERTS IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan has 41% desert area on
its land
 Pakistan has three deserts

Thal
Desert
Thar
Desert
(Sindh Sagar Doab; western Punjab)
(South East Punjab & Eastern Sindh)
Kharan
Desert
(Central to south Balochistan)
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THAR DESERT
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The Thar Desert in Pakistan is the
part of great Thar Desert in
Rajhistan India
The Thar Desert in Pakistan is further
divided into three deserts :
Cholistan Desert
(South East Punjab )
Nara Desert (North Eastern Sindh)
Tharparkar Desert (Eastern Sindh)
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PUNJAB
THAL
DESERT
CHOLISTAN
DESERT
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NARA
DESERT
SINDH
THARPARKAR
DESERT
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Sand Dunes
A result of high wind
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Sand Dunes
Pyramidal Sand Dunes
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Star Sand Dunes
indicate that winds blew in
many directions
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Stony Part of a desert
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Desert

Physical Features
Sandy, stony & rocky
 Water is scarce
 Land is fertile but needs water
to show its strength
 Natural vegetation is scattered
with bushes, small trees &
thorny plants
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Desert
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Physical Features
Sand dunes are special feature
of a desert
 Sand dunes are formed due to
high wind activities
 Air takes layers of sand from
one place to another place
 Most of the dunes in Thar
desert are longitudinal

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Desert Vegetation
CACTUS & OTHER THORNY PLANTS
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DESERT VEGETATION
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Desert
Desertification:
Desertification is a natural
process in which a desert
covers more area due to
climatic changes
 Reclamation:
Reclamation is to turn
deserted area into arable
land by human efforts

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PLATEAUS
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PLATEAUS
a plateau is a high flat land
little higher than normal level
of land
 Pakistan has two plateaus:
Potwar Plateau
(North West Punjab)
Balochistan Plateau
(central Balochistan)

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POTWAR PLATEAU
Boundaries:
 Jhelum River (East)
 Indus River (West)
 Kala Chitta Range and the
Margalla Hills (North)
 Salt Range (South)

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POTWAR
PLATEAU
PUNJAB
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POTWAR PLATEAU

Physical Features
Mostly mountainous
 Rugged, rocky & bare land
 Scattered vegetation
 Mineral deposits are large but
difficult to mine
 Water is scanty

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POTWAR PLATEAU
The Soan River flows through
POTWAR PLATEAU
 It starts as a branch of Jhelum
river near Muree


It joins the Indus river near
Kalabagh; Northern part of the
plateau is arable due to this
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Climatic Issues
Low rain fall
 Extensive deforestation
 Coal mining and
 Oil and Gas exploration
 Due to these activities the
plateau is facing serious
environmental problems

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BALOCHISTAN
PLATEAU
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BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU
Physical Features
 Completely mountainous
 Rugged, rocky & bare land
 Scattered vegetation
 Seasonal rivers
 Water is scanty
 Mineral deposits are large but
difficult to mine

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COASTAL
PLAINS
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COASTAL PLAINS
Pakistan has
1000Km long
coastal line
 Sindh Coast
200 Km
 Balochistan
coast 800Km

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COASTAL PLAINS
Coastal belt in Pakistan
stretches from Indian border
in the east up to Iranian
border in the west
 Pakistan Coastal belt has:
 commercial ports
fish harbours
Naval bases

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