Transcript File - Juarez AP HuG

DERWENT WHITTLESEY
identified eleven
agricultural regions in the
world.
Today, we are going
to examine the
characteristics of
these regions.
Well… really there’s 12. The last
region encompasses places too
inhospitable to support
significant agriculture.
Tundra
5 of these regions are prevalent
in developing countries
• Pastoral Nomadism
• Shifting Cultivation
• Intensive Subsistence- wet
rice dominant
• Intensive Subsistence- crops
other than rice dominant
• Plantation
6 are prevalent in developed
countries
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mixed Crop and Livestock
Dairying
Grain
Ranching
Mediterranean
Commercial Gardening
Whittlesey’s
agricultural
regions
World
Climate
Map
AGRICULTURAL
REGIONS
in the
DEVELOPING
WORLD
In developing countries, most people
produce food for their own
consumption (SUBSISTENCE).
Surplus may be sold for income, but
generating surplus is usually not the
primary focus of agricultural activity.
PASTORAL NOMADISM
Subsistence agriculture
based on the herding of
domesticated animals.
PASTORAL NOMADISM
Adopted in dry/arid climates where
crop growing is extremely difficult.
PASTORAL NOMADISM
Nomads survive largely off GRAIN;
herds are used for secondary products
like cheese, and to be sold for income.
PASTORAL NOMADISM
TRANSHUMANCE - the seasonal
migration of herds between mountain
and lowland pasture grazing locations.
PASTORAL NOMADISM
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
Subsistence agriculture featuring
SLASH AND BURN techniques and
REGULAR ROTATION of sites.
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
Practiced in TROPICAL regions with
thick forest vegetation.
Fields are cleared BY HAND, then
all debris is set on fire. Ashes from
the fire add nutrients to the soil.
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
Relatively brief use of cleared land (a
few seasons), followed by several years
of laying FALLOW to regenerate soil
nutrients
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
Lands used for shifting
cultivation are often
communally owned.
In some areas- especially South America- lands
used for S.C. are being purchased by private
landowners.
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
Agriculture involving the regular
application of intense physical labor in
order to keep a unit of land in
production.
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
• The source of ¾ of food consumed in
the developing world.
• Most work is done by hand or with
animal support due to widely
available labor and expense of
mechanization.
• Due to high agricultural density,
average farm is small- but these small
farms fill almost all available space
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
The intensive subsistence farming of
WET RICE feeds people in regions with
significant rainfall, esp. parts of Asia.
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
Leads to extensive modification of
the landscape. In places too hilly for
farming, TERRACES are often
constructed.
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
Many wet rice regions practice
DOUBLE CROPPING – rice in
the summer, other crops in the
dryer winter
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
The only type of COMMERCIAL
agriculture prevalent in the developing
world. CASH CROPS are grown on large
estates for sale on the global market.
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
Plantations are generally owned by
Europeans, Americans, or wealthy
locals. Locals provide cheap labor,
using minimal mechanization.
Dole Banana
Plantation, Costa
Rica
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
Cotton, sugar, coffee, rubber, exotic
fruit, and other cash crops are the
most common crops grown on
plantations.
Harvesting
Coffee
AGRICULTURAL
REGIONS
in the
DEVELOPED
WORLD
Agribusiness is used to describe
commercial farming in the developed
world. The family farm is not an
isolated activity, but is integrated into
a larger food-production industry.
MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK
Commercial farming involving
the integration of crops and
livestock.
MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK
Most crops are fed to ANIMALS rather
than being consumed by humans.
Though most land is used for crops,
most profits are derived from animals.
MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK
CORN is the most important crop on
these farms, as it produces high
yields of nutritious animal feed.
MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK
Typically involves crop rotationrotating use of different fields from
crop to crop each year to avoid
exhausting the soil.
MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK
DAIRY FARMING
The raising of cows in order to
market dairy goods on the
market, from fresh milk to
‘products’ like cheese.
DAIRY FARMING
Dairies are usually located near
population centers in an area called the
MILKSHED, because products are so
perishable.
Trans. advances have expanded the sizes
of milksheds to about 300 miles.
Once an element of developed countries
alone, dairying has diffused widely. INDIA
is the world’s largest milk producer today.
GRAIN FARMING
The growing of grain crops for
sale on the market, to be refined
into products that humans
consume.
GRAIN FARMING
WHEAT is the most important cash
cereal. It can be held stable for a long
time (silos), and can withstand harsh
shipping conditions.
GRAIN FARMING
Grain farming is highly mechanized.
Revolutionized by the REAPER in
the 1830s, today COMBINES blend
reaping, threshing, and cleaning in a
single operation.
GRAIN FARMING
Today, bot China (#1) and India (#2)
produce more wheat than does the United
States- though both do so with far less
mechanization.
MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE
The growing of specialized crops
in climate/geographic regions
resembling the Mediterranean
region
MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE
Located ALONG SEAS on the WEST
COASTS of continents
MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE
Based on HORTICULTURE – the
growing of fruits, vegetables, and
flowers. OLIVES are an important
crop, as are GRAPES used in wine
production.
COMMERCIAL GARDENING
The growing of highly
profitable and in-demand
crops, particularly fruit, for
sale on the wider market.
COMMERCIAL GARDENING
Also called ‘truck farming’originally dependent on local
markets, produce is now distributed
widely to faraway markets.
COMMERCIAL GARDENING
Relies heavily on CHEAP
MIGRANT LABOR to save on
labor costs.
RANCHING
The commercial grazing of
livestock over an extensive
area.
RANCHING
Well-suited for semiarid/arid land in
areas where vegetation is too sparse
and soil too poor to support crops
RANCHING
Historically, ranchers moved cattle
from ranges to cities where they
would fetch far higher prices- as
much as 10x more.
RANCHING
Today, cattle is part of the larger
system of food production
providing meat to the national
market.
Ranching is common in the US West,
South America, Australia, and
Central Asia.