Transcript GIS and Water Resource Management (A case study of Kabul and

Kabul city is a water scarcity city.
Geospatial analysis for
identification of Rock/Earth dams
in Kabul Region of Afghanistan
By: Ahmad Shah Frahmand, (M.Sc Geo Informatics)
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. S. Padmaja, Osmania
University, hyderabad, India
4/12/2017
Geo Spatial World Forum, (Hyderabad)
21st Jan 2011
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Contents
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Introduction
Study Area
GIS Analysis and solutions
Conclusion
Open Discussion
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Introduction
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Relief is the representation of the shapes of hills, valleys,
streams, or terrain features on the earth's surface.
Relief is an important physical variable which has an immense
impact on other surfacial variables on the earth’s surface.
Relief is the foremost topographic variable represented by
various contour values. The relief provides the nature of terrain
and its pattern as existing in a region.
It is closely associated with drainage, as it determines the flow
directions, slope, aspect etc.
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Study Area
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Afghanistan is a rugged, land locked country in south central
Asia.
Afghanistan lies along the great tectonic upheaval that has
produced the world’s highest mountain ranges, Himalayas,
Karakoram, Pamirs and Hindukush rising over 7000m, running
in a north east – south west direction.
This study area centers around Kabul region where the future
demand for water seems to be enormous Keeping this in view
an area encompassing about 20487 km2 lying between (680-700
East and 330 -360 of North) is slected for the study purpose.
The climate is arid to semi arid with cold winters and hot
summers.
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Main river basins in Afghanistan are divided as
fallows:
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Northern basin (includes Amu Darya River
basin covering 24% of the country’s area
(about 156.000sqkm)
Morghab–Harirood basin(Covers about
12% of the country’s area (about
78,000sqkm)
South-eastern basin((farah –Helmand).
This basin covers 52% of the country’s area
(about 338000 sqkm)
Indus – Kabul basin(The basin totally
covers 12% of the country’s area (about
78000 sqkm) Kabul river basin having
53000 sqkm of area is discharged into Indus
River in Pakistan)
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Northern basin
Tectonic map
Study Area
Physical map of Afghanistan
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Ground water analysis
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The quality of ground water is an important issue
to be considered as it affects the human health
both directly as well as indirectly.
The quality of ground water in the vicinity of Kabul
city varies in some areas, the high concentration of
dissolved solids and the presence of some
constituents at concentrations are deemed harmful
to humans and crops alike.
However, the quality of ground water is
significantly affected by sewage in the vicinity of
the built up areas. Of particular concern are higher
concentrations of Nitrate, Boron and Dissolved
solids.
Causes of contamination of
Groundwater in Kabul city
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Population explosion.
Low precipitation(Depletion)
Sewage system is not exist.
Drought
Destroying upper layer of the river for
construction purpose.
Dumping waste material directly in the river.
Flowing of industrial water directly to the
river.
1200
1000
800
600
Kabul
Kapisa
Parwan
400
200
0
Logar
Ground water quality is greatly affected in the
Kabul environs.
The groundwater quality parameters show
higher values compared to the standards.
Database and methodology
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The data base is generated from both toposheets with the
scale of 1:100000.
Contours derived from imageries in AGCHO with an
interval of 200m.
Drainage lines are derived from toposheets.
Toposhieets 1:100000
Derived Drainage lines
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Relief analysis
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This data set consist of elevation data in the form of
contour.
Generating of Vector layer in the form of Triangulated
Irregular Network.
Generating of Raster layer in the form of Digital Elevation
Models.
Derivation of Slope, Flow direction, Flow accumulation,
Stream definition, Stream segmentation using DEM with Arc
Hydro in GIS platform.
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Vector data (contour line)
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Interval (200m)
Projected coordinate system (WGS_1984_UTM_zone42)
Projection : Transverse Mercator.
Linear Unit: Meters (m)
Source: Afghan Geodesy and Cartography Head Office.
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Input + Analysis = Result
3D Analyst
Converting features into DEM
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The TIN values range from 5088m to 1000m. Excepting
the central region with values around 2000m, the rest of the
study region accounts for higher TIN values.
DEM values range from 1000m to 5600m, as depicted by
contours. The whole northern and north eastern region
exhibit high values, whereas the whole central and
southern region show less values. The south south eastern
portion once again shows a rugged nature.
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Slope analysis
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Flow direction
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Flow accumulation, Stream definition,
stream segmentation
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Importance of Analysis
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Kabul is suffering from lack of drinking water.
Groundwater in Kabul city is depleting due to more usage
day to day.
This water is not enough for current population in Kabul city.
To find the sources of water for better use of water in Kabul
city.
To find a best way for charging ground water.
To find the stubble place for damming.
To manage water resource in a logic way for sustainable
development.
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Rock/Earth dam sites to meet
water demand in Kabul Region
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Rock and Earth dams are the most common and easy means
of ground water replenishment.
These sites are identified on the basis of not only elevations
but also on the basis of drainage lines. These dam sites are
chosen mainly to recharge the ground water aquifers in
Kabul region.
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Waiting of afghan children for a drop of water.
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Dam as an alternative source for
water use
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The dam site around 1800m along with low
lying zone below 1800m is shown The lowest
elevation in the area comes out to be around
1000 m.
This can give rise to 3132 sqkm of utilizable
area under the impact of continuous water
supply due to gravity of flow in conformity with
natural gradient from the dam site.
The utilizable area pertains to Kabul, Kapisa
and Parwan regions. In fact, the utilizable area
lies very close to Kabul city which can make
use of the resources in a more effective way.
Conclusion
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GIS improves calculations for watershed characteristics,
flow statistics, debris flow probability, and facilitates the
watershed delineation by using Digital Elevation Models
(DEMs). It provides a consistent method for watershed
analysis using DEMs and standardized datasets such as land
cover, soil properties, gauging station locations, and climate
variables.
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