Transcript An Unchanging Language

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Semester Final Exam Review
By: Mr. Mora
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Part I
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Four Largest Population Clusters
• The largest cluster of inhabitants is in East Asia.
• The 2nd-largest concentration of people, roughly 20% of the
worlds population, is in South Asia.
• Combining the populations of Western & Eastern Europe and
the European Russia forms the world’s 3rd-largest population
cluster.
• The world’s 4th-largest population cluster, after Europe, is in
Southeast Asia, mostly on a series of islands at 647 million
people. Indonesia, which consists of 13,677 islands, is the
world’s fourth most populous country.
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Arithmetic Population Density
• Arithmetic Density (crude), or the total number of
people divided by total land area
• For example, the US has about 319 million people
and about 9 million square kilometers of land
space.
• As A result, the US has an arithmetic density of 35
people per sq kilometer (319million/9 million).
(34-35 2012-2014)
• We may compare the AD of individual countries in
order to get an idea about how population is
distributed.
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Natural Increase Stats
• The number of people added each year has dropped
at a slower rate than the NIR, because the population
base is much higher now than in the past.
• The rate of natural increase affects the doubling
time, which is the number of years needed to double
a population.
• When the NIR was 2.2 percent back in 1963,
doubling time was 35 years.
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Life Expectancy at birth
• Life expectancy at birth is the average number of
years a newborn infant can expect to live.
• The highest life expectancies are generally in the
wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest
countries.
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Where These Rates Are Highest
• Higher rates of natural increase, crude birth, total fertility,
and infant mortality, and lower life expectancy are in
• Less Developed Countries.
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Dependency Rate
• Dependency Rate: The percentage of people
who are too young or too old to work in a
society.
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Denmark vs. Great Britain
Both in Stage 4…slow growth
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What would explain this?
Retirement communities
Naples, Florida
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Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food
production, but food production actually expanded faster than
population in the second half of the twentieth century. 12
Twentieth Century Instability
– In the twentieth century, forced
international migration increased because
of political instability resulting from
cultural diversity.
• Refugees are people who have been forced
to migrate from their home country and
cannot return for fear of persecution.
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Three Types of Push-Pull
1. Economic Push and Pull Factors
– Most people migrate for economic reasons (such as
immigrants who come to the United States).
– The relative attractiveness of a region can shift with
economic change.
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Intervening Obstacles
– Where migrants go is not always their
desired destination.
– They may be blocked by an intervening
obstacle.
• In the past, intervening obstacles were
primarily environmental. . . like mountains
and deserts.
• Bodies of water long have been important
intervening obstacles.
• However, today’s migrant faces intervening
obstacles created by local diversity in
government and politics.
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Brain Drain
• Other countries charge that by
giving preference to skilled
workers, U.S. immigration policy
now contributes to a brain drain,
which is a large-scale emigration
by talented people.
• The average immigrant has
received more education than
the typical American: nearly onefourth of all legal immigrants to
the United States have attended
graduate school, compared to
less than one-tenth of nativeborn Americans.
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The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control
Act
• The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
tried to reduce the flow of illegal immigrants.
• Aliens who could prove that they had lived in
the United States continuously between 1982
and 1987 could become permanent resident
aliens and apply for U.S. citizenship after 5
years.
• At the same time, the law discouraged further
illegal immigration by making it harder for
recent immigrants to get jobs without proper
documentation.
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Center of Population in the U.S.
Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the
population migration west. It has also begun to move southward with
migration to the southern sunbelt.
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Population, Migration and Brazil
• Most Brazilians live in a string of large
cities near the Atlantic Coast.
• To increase the attractiveness of the
interior, the government moved its
capital in 1960 from Rio to a newly built
city called Brasilia.
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International vs. Interregional Migration
– International migration is permanent movement from
one country to another, whereas internal migration is
permanent movement within the same country.
– International migrants are much less numerous than internal
migrants.
– Interregional migration is movement from one region
of a country to another, while intraregional migration is
movement within one region.
– The most prominent type of intraregional migration in
the world is from rural to urban.
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Chapter 4 Key Points
• In contrast to popular culture, folk cultures are
more likely to vary from place to place at a
given time
• folk songs are distinguished from popular
songs because they tell a story about daily
activities
Chapter 4 Key Points
• Popular customs most frequently originate in
more developed countries
• China produces relatively large amounts of
swine compared to Middle Eastern countries
primarily because China’s physical
environment is suitable for pig production
The Indo-European Language Family
• The Indo – European language family, which
includes English, is the largest language family in
the world.
• The language spoken extends not only
throughout Europe but also throughout most of
the Western Hemisphere due to colonization in
Australia and South Africa.
• Indo – European languages are also used in India
and Southwest Asia.
Isolated Languages
A Pre-Indo-European Survivor: Basque
• Unlike all other Western European languages, Basque
is not part of the Indo-European family and is
unrelated to any other known language.
• Basque is spoken primarily in the Pyrenees Mountains
An Unchanging Language: Icelandic
• Icelandic is the official language of Iceland. It is an
Indo-European language, belonging to the sub-group
of North Germanic languages. It is closely related
to Norwegian and Faroese, although there are slight
traces of Celtic influence in ancient Icelandic literature.
• Unchanged language due to Iceland’s relative isolation
from other places.
Hebrew: Reviving Extinct Languages
• Hebrew is a rare case of an extinct
language that has been revived.
• Hebrew diminished in use in the fourth
century B.C. and was thereafter retained only
for Jewish religious services.
• When Israel was established in 1948, Hebrew
became one of the new country’s two official
languages, along with Arabic.
– Why?
– Who was Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and what role
did he play in the Hebrew Language
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Part II
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Global Dominance of English
• One of the most fundamental needs in a global society is a
common language for communication.
• Increasingly in the modern world, the language of
international communication, the Lingua Franca is English.
• Around the world, approximately 200 million people speak
English as a second language
• Japan is going so far as to considering English as a second
official language after concluding that fluency in English is
mandatory in a global economy.
Regional Pronunciation
• Regional pronunciation differences are more
familiar to us than word differences, although it is
harder to draw precise isoglosses for them.
• An isogloss is the boundary of a dialect.
• Isoglosses can be difficult to determine, because
patterns of speech vary among members of the
same groups of people.
– THE SOUTH
• Ya’ll and Yaaaa’ll
Diffusion of other Languages
Franglais
• Which is the widespread use of English in the
French language
• A combination of Français and Anglais, the
French words for French and English
• How has the French, especially the French
Academy, taken to the influx of the English
language into French Society?
Sino-Tibetan Family
Sinitic Branch: Chinese Languages
• There is no single Chinese language.
• Mandarin: Spoken by approximately
three-fourths of the Chinese people,
Mandarin is by a wide margin the
most used language in the world.
• Other Sinitic branch languages are
spoken by tens of millions of people in
China.
• The Chinese government is imposing
Mandarin countrywide.
Key Issue 1: Distribution of Religions
Universalizing religions
• Christianity
• Islam
• Buddhism
Ethnic religions
• Hinduism
• Other ethnic religions
The Three Main Religions
• The three main universalizing religions are
• Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
• Each is divided into branches, denominations,
and sects.
• A branch is a large and fundamental division
within a religion.
• A denomination is a division of a branch that
unites a number of local congregations.
• A sect is a relatively small group that has
broken away from an established
denomination.
Christianity and it’s Branches
• Christianity has about 2 billion adherents, far more than any other
world religion, and has the most widespread distribution.
• Christianity has three major branches:
• Roman Catholic
•
50%
• Protestant
•
25%
• Eastern Orthodox
•
10%
• Remaining
•
15% consists of African, Asian, and Latin American Churches
Religion
• Islamic adherents controlled much of presentday Spain from 711 until 1492, but not since
then.
• Animism is the belief that all things have a
spirit or soul, including animals, plants, rivers,
mountains, stars, the moon, and the sun....
Each being is considered a spirit that can offer
help or harm to humans.
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Nation-States, Etc.
• Denmark is a good example of a nation-state
because nearly all Danes speak Danish and
live in Denmark.
• Apartheid: an Afrikaans word meaning
"separateness", or "the state of being apart",
literally "apart -hood") was a system of racial
segregation in South Africa enforced through
legislation by the National Party (NP), the
governing party from 1948 to 1994.
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Miscellaneous
• Large-scale migration occurred in South Asia after 1947
primarily because of the separation of religious
groups.
• Race is NOT an element of cultural diversity. Race is
biological, whereas cultural diversity has to do with the
beliefs and customs of people, not their skin color, etc.
• White flight is a term that originated in the United
States, starting in the mid-20th century, and applied to
the large-scale migration of people of various European
ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more
racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions.
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Miscellaneous
• “Separate but equal” doctrine: The phrase
was derived from a Louisiana law of 1890,
although the law actually used the phrase
"equal but separate." The doctrine was
confirmed in the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme
Court decision of 1896, which allowed statesponsored segregation.
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Miscellaneous
• A group of people who occupy a particular area
and have a strong sense of unity based on a set of
shared beliefs is a nation.
• The world's largest state is Russia.
• The only large land mass not part of a sovereign
state is Antarctica.
•
The compact shape most easily fosters the
establishment of effective internal
communications for a smaller state.
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Miscellaneous
•
Conflict is widespread in Africa in part because
European colonial powers drew inappropriate
boundaries, not taking into consideration the
many different ethnic groups.
•
Taiwan is not a member of the United Nations…in
1972 the U.N. recognized the government in Beijing
as the seat of govt. for China, and Taiwan was
essentially “kicked out” of the U.N.
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Miscellaneous
• The European Union has promoted economic
growth in Western Europe, evidenced by Europe’s
recent economic growth.
• The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new
manufacturing processes in the period from about
1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840, and it
began in Great Britain and spread throughout Europe
and North America as well.
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Miscellaneous
• The most important elements of state power are
increasingly economic rather than military (e.g.
Japan and Germany are two world powers not
known for strong militaries, but for their economic
might).
• Timothy McVeigh, the American terrorist, was
executed for the Oklahoma City bombing (1995),
which was motivated by the FBI attack in Waco, TX
(1993).
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Miscellaneous
• Direct access to an ocean is critical to states because it
facilitates International trade.
•
NAFTA is primarily an economic cooperative effort
between the United States, Canada, and Mexico…allows
for free trade between member countries. NAFTA
stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement”
• Japan is NOT a political region that has a questionable
status regarding statehood…In other words, there is no
question that Japan is one unified country/state.
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Miscellaneous
• The Rapid diffusion of popular culture
encourages people in different places to adopt
different customs.
– Examples are clothing fashions and clothing styles
that proliferate each year around the world due to
mass media and telecommunications.
• Germanic invaders of England included the
following tribes: Saxons, Angles, and Jutes
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Miscellaneous
• The second-largest language family is SinoTibetan.
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QUESTIONS?
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