Transcript California and NA combined

Wines of North America
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PROF. KAREN GOODLAD
SPRING 2012
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Introduction: Prohibition
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Introduction: Prohibition
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Introduction: Prohibition
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 Alcohol production and distribution was illegal in
the United States from 1920-1933
 Exception
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home production and use
Prescriptions
 Affect on the wine industry
 Vineyards changed grape varieties and shipped to end user
 Wineries closed
 Not until the 1970’s did wine consumption reach pre-
prohibition levels
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~1.5 gallons per capita
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The Judgment of Paris, 1976
 Major event in the world
of California wine (and
U.S. wine in general)
 Blind tasting of French
and American wines
(red & white)
coordinated by Steven
Spurrier in Paris
 Judges were all French
Introduction: Current Trends
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 The Prominence and Quality of Wine in North America
Has grown Significantly in the Last Three Decades
 According to Adams Beverage the rise is attributed to:
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Per Capital, Americans Drank 2.5 Gallons of Wine in 2009
US is the #1 wine market in the world with 211.9 million cases
sold in 2011, up 5.6% (Wine Institute Trends Article)
We are eating out more and ordering wine more as a result
"Critter" labels made wine seem more accessible in the early to
mid 2000’s, those people have stayed loyal to wine
The impact of positive health news related to wine has had a
continuing impact
We are entertaining at home more
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Top Five Wine Companies in the US
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Wine Company
Number of Cases sold
in the US in 2011
E&J Gallo
• André, Barefoot Cellars, Mirassou, Gallo Family
Vineyard Single Vineyard, Turning Leaf
75,000,000
The Terlato Wine Group
• Chimney Hill, Rutherford Hill
62,000,000
Constellation Wines
• Robert Mondavi Winery, Clos du Bois, Blackstone
47,000,000
Treasury Wines
18,000,000
Trinchero Family
16,500,000
Companies 26-30
Produced 600,000
cases or less
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Labeling/Naming Wines
 Proprietary Labels
 Trademarked/Copy Write
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Opus One, Dominus, Thunderbird
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Winery Name
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Stags Leap, Robert Mondavi Winery, Cakebread
 Varietals
 Chardonnay, Merlot…
 Generic Labels
 Meritage, Chablis, Burgundy…
 Other
 Estate Bottled, Reserve, Late Harvest, Botrytis
For More Info: US Government Guide & Professional Friends of Wine
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Wine Laws
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 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
 Formerly known as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms (BATF)
 American Viticultural Area (AVA)
 Geographically defined growing area
 Petition BATF
 Describe what makes the region different
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Soil, climate, microclimate, history, watertable, elevation…
1st AVA Augusta, Missouri, 1980
Over 2010 AVAs in 2015
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Wine Laws
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 Varietal Name
 Wine must be 75% from the named variety
 In Oregon it is 90% (Cabernet Sauvignon is 75%)
 Place Name
 State 75%
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Exception: CA, WA, OR = 100%
County 75%
AVA 85% (Washington State 100%)
 Vintage
 95% from that harvest
 Health Warning
 Sulfite Warning
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New York State
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 3rd Largest Wine Producing State
 9 AVAs, 230 Wineries as of 10/10
 Climate
 Cool, Danger of Frost in Spring & Fall
 Moderating Effects of Large Bodies of Water Create Micro
Climates
 Dominant Grape Varieites
 80% Vitis Labrusca: 33%Concord, Catawba, Niagara
 ~15% Vitis Vinifera of mostly Bordeaux Varieties
 Low Yields
For More Info: Uncork New York
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NYS AVAs
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 Lake Erie AVA
 Niagara Escarpment AVA
 Finger Lakes AVA
 Cayuga Lake AVA
 Seneca Lake AVA
 Hudson River AVA
 North Fork, Long Island AVA
 Hamptons, Long Island AVA
 Long Island AVA
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Washington
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 Washington Wine Commission
100% from AVA, 100% variety on label
 No additives to change color, flavor, aroma
 Reserve: 3000 cases or 10% of total wine production
 No generic labeling
 11 AVAs
 Stimson Lane = ~2/3 of WA state production:
 Chateau St. Michelle (important sparkling wine producer),
Columbia Crest
 Partnership with Antinori (famous for Super Tuscans)
growing Sangiovese and Cabernet for blending
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Washington
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 Cascade Mountains
 West significant Rainfall, more moderate temperatures
 East less rainfall, warmer days, cooler nights
100º days  40º nights
 irrigation is necessary
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Long daylight hours
 Dominant Grape Varieties
 Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Riesling, Syrah
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Selection of Washington AVAs
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 Columbia Valley AVA (W & O)
 6 Sub Appellations as of 10/10
 Walla Walla Valley AVA (W & O)
 Sub Appellation of Columbia Valley AVA
 Less than ½ % of total vineyards
 Yakima Valley AVA
 Sub Appellation of Columbia Valley AVA
 40% of Washington’s vineyards
 Red Mountain AVA
 Sub Appellation of Columbia Valley AVA
 One of the Smallest Appellation
 Horse Heaven Hills AVA
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Oregon
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 Think Pinot Noir
 Most Farm Using Sustainable & Environmentally
Friendly Practices
 Climate
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Maritime
 Dominant Grape Varieties
 Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Chardonnay
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Oregon’s AVAs
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 Columbia Valley AVA (W & O)
 Walla Walla Valley AVA (W & O)
 Willamette Valley AVA
 largest, 75% of production
 Chehalem Mountains
 Umpqua Valley AVA
 Dundee Hills AVA
 Rogue Valley AVA
 Applegate AVA
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Comparison of Washington & Oregon
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Washington
Oregon
East Cascade Mts.
West Cascade Mts.
Irrigation
No Irrigation
Continental
Maritime
2021 Hours of Sunshine and More Heat
Good for Thick Skin Varietal
1660 Hours of Sunshine
Better for Thin Skin Varietals
24% Chardonnay
22%Cabernet Sauvignon
21% Merlot
23% Other (Trend Toward Sangiovese)
53% Pinot Noir
13% Pinot Gris
9% Chardonnay
25% Other
540 Wineries
More than 300 wineries
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General California Climate
 Unique as it changes as much from East to West as it
does North to South
 Coast
 Central Valley
 Sierra Foothills
Wine Regions of California
 North Coast
 San Francisco Bay
 Central Coast
 South Coast
 Sierra Foothills
 Central Valley
North Coast, ~15% of total CA Wine Production
 Notable AVAs
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Napa Valley, Sonoma Valley, Carneros, Oakville, Russian River Valley
plus many more
 Climate: Varies dramatically
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Coastal regions have influence of fog
Very warm interiors/valleys
Microclimates on mountains
 Soil: Varies
 Notable Grape Varieties
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Cabernet Sauvignon and Bordeaux Blends, Chardonnay, Sauvignon
Blanc, Rhone Varietals
Napa Valley
 High Quality, Limited Quantity 4-5% of total
production
 Valley Floor
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Fog in AM and HOT in PM
Clay soils with alluvial deposits, fertile
 Mayacamas Mountains to West Vaca Hills to the
East
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Volcanic soils, drain well
 Cabernet Sauvignon Dominates
Carneros (Sub AVA of Napa Valley)
 South of Napa Valley
 Dense fog cools the climate significantly
 Flat terrain, varied soils
 Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
Sonoma Valley (A Rural Napa)
 Mayacamas Mountains to the East and Sonoma
Mountains on the West
 Wide variety of styles of wine produced
 Planted on valley floor and rolling hills
San Francisco Bay
 Notable AVAs
 Livermore
and Santa Cruz
 Climate
 Soil
 Grapes
 Note: Significant Urban Sprawl Has Limited
Vineyard Acreage
Central Coast
 Notable AVAs
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Paso Robles, Santa Ynez Valley
 Climate: Varies
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Coastal Influences
Can be cool and windy in the north and warm and arid in the
south
 Soil: Varies
 Grapes: Rhône Valley Varietals
Sierra FootHills
 No significant AVAs
 Climate
 Soil
 Grapes
 Note: Grapes first planted here during Gold Rush of
the 1850s.
Central Valley
 Notable AVAs: Lodi
 Climate
 Soil: Varies
 Grapes: 60% of total CA Production
 Zinfandel,
Sauvignon Blanc and Rhone Valley
Varietals
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Bulk, non varietal significant grapes
Terms to Remember
 Note: Wines of The Times has great articles on many
different aspects of California wine
 Note: Wine Spectator offers many videos of
winemakers from CA and around the world
Terms to Know
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 Prohibition
 TTB
 AVA
 Labeling Laws
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