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Module 1:
Exam Review
1.02 America’s Geography
A Globe is a three –dimensional model of
the earth.
Accurately shows the size and shapes of the
continents , bodies of water, and
geographical features.
Limits of Globes
1. Can’t see all the earth’s surface at once.
2. Can’t see details.
3. Not portable.
1.02 America’s Geography
A map is a representation or drawing
of the earths surface.
1. Maps are flat so you can see the
whole worlds surface at once.
2. Maps show more details.
3. Maps are portable.
4. Maps can be used to see change
over time.
Because a map is flat is distorts parts
of the earth.
1.02 America’s Geography
Global Positions System (GPS) gives
you pin point location.
1.02 America’s Geography
East of Great Plains to
Atlantic Ocean
Wide variety of plants, trees
& animals.
Fertile soil (good for
farming).
Deciduous Forest
1.02 America’s Geography
Southwest United States
Harsh climate, little rain &
wide range of temperatures.
Poor, sandy soil .
Few variety of plants and
animals.
Desert
1.02 America’s Geography
East of Rocky Mts. through
Great Plains.
Fertile soil, good for farming.
Wide variety of plants and
animals.
Grassland / Prairie
1.02 America’s Geography
High elevations in Rocky
Mts. & central Alaska.
Harsh climate
Few species of
plants/trees and animals.
Alpine
1.02 America’s Geography
Located in northern Alaska and
Canada.
Harsh climate
Plant growth only during
summer (no trees).
Few species of animals.
Tundra
1.02 America’s Geography
• What is sustainable
forestry?
• Sustainable forestry
means managing our
forest resources to meet
the needs we have today
without interfering with
our future generations'
needs. Any management
of the forest resource
must include inventory
and planning to provide
the basis for evaluating
and implementing the
goals of the landowner.
Quiz Time!
• For which assignment would a map be most useful to you?
• A: An assignment comparing the geographic features of the
Australian and Asian continents
• B: An assignment exploring the trade routes of various companies
across continents and oceans
• C: An assignment comparing the migration routes of several
immigrant groups from different countries
• D: An assignment which explores the relationship between a
British settlement and the Native Americans living in the area
The Correct Answer Is…
• D: An assignment which explores the
relationship between a British settlement and
the Native Americans living in the area
Quiz Time!
• For which assignment would a globe be most useful for you?
• A: An assignment to detail population changes over time
• B: An assignment requiring details about the location a group
of English settlements
• C: An assignment comparing the geographic features of the
Australian and Asian continents
• D: An assignment exploring the relationship between a French
settlement and the Native Americans living in the area
The Correct Answer Is…
• C: An assignment comparing the geographic
features of the Australian and Asian continents
1.03 Coming to America
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Factors that motivated people to colonize in North America:
Religious Freedom
Scarcity of resources and overpopulation in Europe
Demand for labor is low in Europe
• Indentured Servants agreed to work for someone else for a specific
time period in return for his passage to North America.
• African slaves replace Indentured Servants as the demand for labor
increases.
• Profits (gold) and adventure
• Land
• The head right system was designed to attract new people to the
British colony to help farm. Each colonist was given about 50 acres of
land to settle. Wealthy European men gained a large amount of land
this way. They sent indentured servants to collect the head right
(land) and then keep the land for themselves.
1.03 Coming to America
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European Country: Spain
• Christopher Columbus’s tales of riches
led to European colonization of the
New World.
• Spain was the dominant European
presence in the New World in the
1500s.
• The strength of the Spanish Armada
made it difficult for other European
powers to settle in the New World.
• One of the main motives for Spanish
colonization was to find gold and other
resources and send them back to Spain.
To accomplish this, the Spanish set up
colonies in Mexico, the Caribbean, and
South America.
• For labor, many conquistadores
enslaved Native Americans and treated
them poorly. Spanish missionaries tried
to convert the natives to Catholicism. In
1588, Britain defeated the Spanish
Armada, which made colonization in
the New World easier for other
European powers.
1.03 Coming to America
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European Country: England (aka: Great
Britain)
• After a failed attempt at Roanoke
Island, in what is now North Carolina,
Jamestown, Virginia, became the first
permanent British colony in 1607.
• Part of Jamestown’s success was due to
the help of local tribes, like the
Powhatan Confederacy, that helped the
British grow their crops.
• Relations with the Native Americans
soured when the settlers needed more
land to grow tobacco and pushed many
Native Americans off their land.
• Britain claimed all North American
territory from Newfoundland to Florida.
• This was impossible to enforce due to
the lack of permanent settlements.
Other European nations colonized land
previously claimed by the British, which
led to fighting.
1.03 Coming to America
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European Country: France
• The French set up their first permanent
settlement in North America in Quebec
in 1608.
• Initially, the French focused on fishing,
fur trading, and missionary work,
converting Native Americans to
Catholicism.
• They expanded their settlements into
the Mississippi Valley region, which was
partially claimed by the British.
• The French set up several forts to
protect their profitable fur trade and
their claims to the region.
• The French settlements grew slowly, so
the Native Americans were not pushed
off their land as they were in the British
settlements.
• Unlike the Spanish, the French did not
try to change the Indian customs, which
led to a more peaceful coexistence
between the French and the Native
American tribes.
1.03 Coming to America
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European Country: The Netherlands (aka:
The Dutch)
• The Dutch challenged British claims to
the area of present-day New York in
1609, and called it New Netherland.
• The Dutch rivaled England as the
largest commercial power in Europe
during the 1600s.
• The Dutch opened a post at Port
Orange in 1624 to help with fur trading.
• They also negotiated the purchase of
Manhattan Island from the Native
Americans and called this settlement
New Amsterdam.
• The English saw the Dutch as invaders
on British land claims. In 1664, Britain
sent 400 soldiers to New Amsterdam to
force the Dutch out. Outnumbered and
already weak from fighting with Native
American tribes, the Dutch turned over
their settlement to the British without a
shot being fired.
Quiz Time!
• What was the main reason for the Dutch to have surrendered
New Amsterdam to the British?
• A: War with the English in Europe
• B: Lack of success with their farming practices
• C: The Dutch were tired from fighting with the Native Americans
in the area
• D: Trading with the French for land in warmer climates
The Correct Answer Is…
• C: The Dutch were tired from fighting with the
Native Americans in the area
Quiz Time!
• Which of the following best shows how some Europeans used
the headright system?
• A: Europeans used the headright system to capture, buy, and sell
Egyptian slaves.
• B: Europeans used the headright system to get indentured
servants to work the land.
• C: Europeans sent indentured servants to the New World and
collected the headright for each servant.
• D: Europeans developed new laws related to the headright
system that allowed them to own more land.
The Correct Answer Is…
• C: Europeans sent indentured servants to the
New World and collected the headright for each
servant.
1.04 Colonial Regions
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New England Colonies:
Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, and New Hampshire
The search for religious freedom
brought the Puritans and Pilgrims to
America (New England).
Community and religion was
important, and small villages were
common.
New Englanders earned a profit
from trading and fishing. Fisherman
were called peterman.
Even with rocky, infertile soil, some
New Englanders had small farms.
Families worked together to earn a
living, and the slave population was
very small because of the economy
and the peoples religious beliefs.
A relatively small number of people
occupied New England, which had
harsh winters.
1.04 Colonial Regions
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Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania,
Delaware, New York, and New
Jersey
Often referred to as the
“breadbasket colonies,” the Middle
colonies were home to a diverse
group of European immigrants who
enjoyed the respect for religious
freedom made famous here by the
Quakers.
Family members and indentured
servants harvested wheat, grain,
and oats.
The moderate weather and the
fertile soil attracted many colonists
to this region.
Besides farmers, the natural
resources of this area attracted
metal workers.
Deep rivers were also a
characteristic of the Middle
colonies.
1.04 Colonial Regions
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Southern Colonies: Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
and Maryland
Rich soil and a mild climate
attracted many European colonists
to the Southern colonies.
Home to some of America’s earliest
settlements, the area grew cash
crops like tobacco, rice, and cotton.
The Southern colonies coastline
made it easy to export cash crops to
England.
African slaves and indentured
servants were critical to the success
of colonial farms as they were the
backbone of the labor force.
The search for wealth and power
contributed to the development of
the Southern colonies.
1.04 Coming to America
• William Penn
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Established the colony of
Pennsylvania in 1681.
He was a wealthy Englishman who
presented a plan to King Charles to
colonize land in America.
William Penn was a Quaker and he
saw the Pennsylvania as a “holy
experiment,” a chance to put
Quaker ideals and toleration into
practice.
As governor, William Penn wrote
the Charter of Liberties, the state’s
constitution, which allowed the
colonists to elect representatives.
He also made treaties with Native
American tribes and encouraged
settlers to come to Pennsylvania.
1.04 Coming to America
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William Bradford & the Pilgrims
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Established Massachusetts in 1620 after signing
a peace treaty with the Native Americans living
in the area.
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Unhappy with the Church of England, they
chose separation from the government and
religion of England.
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They called themselves “Pilgrims” because they
set out on a pilgrimage or journey to be free.
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William Bradford was one of the original
Plymouth leaders and one of its elected
governors.
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Other important leaders from the New England
colonies are Roger Williams and John Winthrop.
Anne Hutchinson
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Was the wife of a Massachusetts merchant and
a mother of 13 children.
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Her belief that she could communicate directly
with God got her into trouble with the Puritan
ministers who were also in charge of the
government.
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Hutchinson was taken to court, convicted, and
banished from Massachusetts in 1638.
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She helped establish a new colony in Rhode
Island and is best known as an early champion
of women’s rights and religious freedom.
1.04 Coming to America
• John Smith
• Helped establish
Jamestown Virginia in
1607.
• His experience as a soldier,
helped him to instill
discipline in the colony and
organized working groups
for food gathering and
farming.
• George Calvert of
Maryland and John
Oglethorpe of Georgia
were also important
leaders in the Southern
colonies.
Quiz Time!
• What were the main products of the New England economy?
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A: Ocean trade and fishing
B: Farming and metalworking
C: Skilled trades and fur trapping
D: Large-scale farming and trade with England
The Correct Answer Is…
• A: Ocean trade and fishing
Quiz Time!
• What was the main reason the New England and Middle
colonies did not have many slaves?
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A: People used only paid workers on their farms.
B: People did not want to pay the taxes on slaves.
C: People had no means of transporting or purchasing slaves.
D: People had smaller self-sufficient farms or worked in skilled
trades.
The Correct Answer Is…
• D: People had smaller self-sufficient farms or
worked in skilled trades.
Quiz Time!
• Which statement describes Anne Hutchinson?
• A. Hutchinson helped spread Quaker ideals in the middle region.
• B: Hutchinson was married to the first governor of Connecticut.
• C: Hutchinson was convicted of the attempted murder of John
Smith.
• D: Hutchinson was a champion of women’s rights and religious
freedom.
The Correct Answer Is…
• D: Hutchinson was a champion of women’s rights
and religious freedom.
1.05 Economics & Slavery
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What is colonial interdependence?
• Domestic Interdependence
• Both the colonies and the
colonists within a community
were economically dependent
on one another.
• International Interdependence
• European countries also had an
economic relationship with their
colonies. The English 13
colonies provide raw materials
like cotton to England. Factories
in England would use the cotton
to produce cloth. Manufactured
goods like cloth were then
shipped back to the colonies to
sell or traded to other European
countries.
1.05 Economics & Slavery
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What impact did slaves have on
the economy?
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Enslaved Africans were an important
part of the colonial economy.
State and local governments made
money on slavery by imposing taxes
on all slave transactions and by
collecting taxes from each
plantation estate based upon the
number of slaves living there.
Why were slaves so important to
the economy?
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A large number of enslaved Africans
in the Southern colonies worked in
the fields harvesting cash crops such
as tobacco, cotton, and rice.
1.05 Economics & Slavery
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Why did many colonists support
slavery even though they knew it
was wrong?
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They depended on the transatlantic
slave trade (also called “triangular
trade” from the three ports of trade:
New England, Africa, and the
Caribbean) to supply manual labor.
Having proven themselves capable
workers on sugar plantations in the
Caribbean, enslaved Africans were a
commodity that colonists bought
and sold.
Stripped of their rights and
freedom, slaves were beaten,
separated from their families, and
worked continually.
Because slaves were not paid,
profits were higher.
Quiz Time!
• What was one of the main differences between slaves who
were considered artisans and slaves who worked in the fields?
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A: Artisan slaves were only men.
B: Artisan slaves were paid a salary.
C: Artisan slaves were skilled workers.
D: Artisan slaves were treated better than the field slaves were.
The Correct Answer Is…
• C: Artisan slaves were skilled workers.
Quiz Time!
• Which of the following best states the relationship between
the Colonies and European countries?
• A: The colonies were responsible for providing workers for
European factories. The factories produced items for the New
World.
• B: The colonies traded guns and ammunition with Europe for
slaves. The slaves worked on colonial plantations.
• C: Europe distilled rum and sold it to the colonies for slaves. The
colonies collected and sold slaves for raw materials.
• D: Europe countries relied on raw materials from the colonies.
The colonies relied on manufactured goods from Europe.
The Correct Answer Is…
• D: Europe countries relied on raw materials from
the colonies. The colonies relied on
manufactured goods from Europe.
1.06 The Historian’s Clues
• What is a primary source vs. what is a secondary source?
• A primary source is any source that was created at the time of the
historical period that you are investigating.
• Why are Primary Source Documents Important?
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They give us insight into the lives of regular people.
Help us understand the culture of a period.
• A secondary source is created after the time period of the event or
historical period.
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A secondary source can be a biography, movie, or textbook.
1.06 The Historian’s Clues
• How do you determine if a
source is valid or invalid?
• Who wrote the source and
why?
• Did the author have first
hand experience of the
matter?
• How soon after the
event(s) was the source
written?
• Did/does the author have
an particular standpoint?
• Did the author have an axe
to grind?
• Who published the book or
article?
• Does it contain references?
• Does the it push a
particular view point?
Quiz Time!
• A primary source would be most useful for which type of
assignment?
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A: The study of a culture at the time of an event
B: The summary of an event
C: The report offering different expert opinions on an event
D: A study focusing on 50 years after the event
The Correct Answer Is…
• A: The study of a culture at the time of an event
Quiz Time!
• Which of the following groups are primary sources?
• A: A diary, a cooking pan, and a recipe book
• B: A book of historical fiction, a museum display, an encyclopedia
entry
• C: A business contract, a summary of an industry's history, tax
records from the past
• D: A bill of purchase for farm equipment, a picture of farm tools,
a landowner's record books
The Correct Answer Is…
• A: A diary, a cooking pan, and a recipe book
Quiz Time!
• Which of the following resource would be the least valid for a
project on the Jamestown settlement?
• A: A firsthand account from one of the British settlers
• B: A firsthand account from one of the Native Americans present
• C: A British newspaper article written shortly after the settlement
occurred
• D: A summary of events posted on an anti-British website
The Correct Answer Is…
• D: A summary of events posted on an anti-British
website