Transcript Migration Notes

MIGRATION NOTES
Movement
• Mobility – All types of movement from one location to another,
including temporary travel and migration.
• Activity space – The space within which daily activity occurs (not unusual
exceptions).
• Periodic movement – Movement that involves temporary, recurrent
relocation, for example, college attendance or military service.
• Migration – Form of relocation diffusion involving the permanent
(or relatively permanent) relocation of an individual or group to a
new place of residence.
• Emigration – Migration from a location; out-migration.
• Immigration – Migration to a new location; in-migration.
• Net migration – The difference between in-migration and outmigration in an area.
• Emigration > Immigration = Net “out migration”
• Immigration > Emigration = Net “in migration”
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdtQgwOOiBg
Net Migration
Types of Migration
• Transnational
• a.k.a. International migration – Permanent movement from one country to
another
• Internal
• Permanent movement within a particular country.
• Chain
• Migration of people to a specific location because relatives, friends, or
members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
• Step
• Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages
• e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo
or Rio de Janeiro
• Seasonal Agriculture
• Transhumance : A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their
livestock between highland and lowland pastures.
• Rural to Urban
• Permanent move from an agrarian lifestyle to a city lifestyle
Types of Migration
Voluntary Migration
Forced Migration
• Permanent movement
• Permanent migration flows
undertaken by choice.
• Choose to migrate
• Remember
in which the movers have no
choice but to relocate;
usually compelled by
cultural factors.
• a.k.a. Involuntary migration
• Examples:
• Must be permanent
• If they return (guest workers,
time-contract workers) they
are not included in these
numbers
• Triangle Trade
• Atlantic Arm
• Native American relocation in
Great Plains region of U.S.
Migration
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOZmqIwqur4
LEE’S MODEL OF
MIGRATION
Key Terms
• Push factors – Reasons to move from a particular place.
• Push us from one place
• Pull factors – Reasons to move to a particular place.
• Pull us to another
• Intervening obstacle – An environmental or cultural
feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
• Intervening opportunity – The presence of a nearer
opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of
sites farther away.
Lee’s Model of Migration
Source Region
Destination
Push Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Pull Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Intervening
Obstacle
Migration
Push/Pull Factors
Economic
2. Environmental
3. Cultural
1.
• Economic & Environmental push/pull factors are generally
associated with voluntary migration.
• Cultural push/pull factors are generally associated with
forced migration
• Note: people tend to move on excessively positive
images/expectations that may not always be accurate
Push/Pull Factors
Push Factors
• Economic
• Poverty
• Few job opportunities (too many
workers)
• Low wages
• Environmental
• Hazardous regions
• Adverse physical conditions
• Too little water/too much water
• Cultural
• Slavery
• Political instability
• Religious/ethnic persecution
(refugees)
Pull Factors
• Economic
• Higher standard of living
• More job opportunities (not
enough workers)
• Higher wages
• Environmental
• Stable climates
• Cultural
• Stable political conditions
Intervening Obstacle/Opportunity
• Examples of Obstacles
• Environmental
• Mountains, rivers, bodies of water, etc.
• Cultural
• Passport to leave/visa to come in
• Economic
• Run out of money
• Examples of Opportunities
• Economic
• New jobs along migration route
• Environmental
• Jobs created to divert rivers for irrigation (economic as well)
• Cultural
• Move into an ethnic enclave along route
Practical Application of Lee’s Model
Source
Region
Destination
Region
Return
Anti-push
factors
Push Factors
+
-
+
+
+
Intervening
Obstacle
-
+
-
Intervening
Opportunity
Few
Arrive
+
Anti-pull
factors
+
+
Migration
Many
leave
+
Pull Factors
+
Other Destination
-
-
Consequences of Migration
• Governments respond
• Encourage migration (Ex: Need workers)
• Restrict migration (Ex: Nearing carrying capacity)
• Diffusion
• Languages, religion, etc.
• Innovations (Historical example: Silk Road)
• Diseases (Historical example: Columbian Exchange)
• Brain Drain
• The loss of a developing country’s most educated citizens as they
emigrate in search of better educational and career opportunities in
developed countries.
• Brain Gain?
Eight Great Modern Migrations
• What is Modern?
• From 1450 on
• Generally the Renaissance
From Europe to North America
• Religious freedom
• Puritan migration
From Iberia to South & Central America
• Age of Exploration
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Portugal got everything East of
line, Spain got everything West
•
Portugal occupied parts of
Brazil (official language Portuguese)
•
•
Spain everywhere else
Economic migration
From British Isles to British Empire
• To South Africa, Australia & New Zealand
• Beginning of the British Empire
• Economic migration
• What about India?
• Established trading posts in East Africa
• From there moved to India
• But not in huge numbers
From West Africa to Caribbean, S.
America & American South
• Caribbean
• Jamaica (90% African descent) & Haiti (95%)
• S. America
• Coastal Brazil
• American South
• Smallest amount from West Africa came here
The Atlantic Slave Trade
• The Atlantic Slave Trade
From India to British Empire
• Slavery ends, British used Indians to harvest crops in British
colonies
• “Indian Diaspora”
• Diaspora – From Greek for “to disperse;” forced or voluntary dispersal
of a people from their homeland to a new place.
• Kenya
• S. Africa
• SE Asia
• Indonesia still has a small Hindu minority
• Fiji
• 2nd largest Ethnic group
• Guyana
• 28.4% Hindu
• Suriname
• Hindustani predominate ethnic group
From China to SE Asia & W. North America
• “Chinese Diaspora”
• SE Asia
• Malaysia
• Persecuted
• Still 2nd highest ethnic group
• Singapore
• 76.8% of the population
• “Bamboo Network”
• A network of close-knit Chinese entrepreneurs with large corporate
empires in southeast Asia
• N. America
• Seattle, San Francisco, & Vancouver
From E. North America to W. North America
• Manifest Destiny
• The 19th century belief that Americans would eventually expand
west to the Pacific Ocean
• What about Native Americans?
From W. Russia to E. Russia & Central
Asia
• Mirror image of N. America
• Russians settled Siberia like we settled W. North America
• What about native Siberians?
• Handled like Native Americans
• Poorer than other Russians
• Set up on reservations
• On the worst land
Ravenstein’s “Laws” of Migration
• British sociologist (1834 – 1913)
• Laws of Migrations:
1. Most migrants go only a short distance (internal)
• Distance Decay
2.
3.
4.
5.
If they do move a long distance, they are more likely to travel to a
big city (Gravity Model)
Most migrations proceed step-by-step (Lee’s Model/Step Migration)
Most migration is from rural to urban
Every migration flow produces a counterflow
• Rural migrants move to city; city dwellers move to suburbs
6.
7.
Families are less likely to make international moves than young
adults
Most international migrants are young males
• Changed with time; women comprise 40-60% of International migrants
(55% of U.S. migrants)
Why?
• Migration selectivity – The tendency for certain types of
people to migrate; examples include: age, education, and
other socio-demographic characteristics.
• Most people migrate for ECONOMIC reasons
• New jobs
• Better wages
• Escape poverty
• Find higher standard of living
• Remittances – Money migrants send back to family and
friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an
important part of the economy in many developing
countries.
GRAVITY MODEL
Background
• Gravity model – A mathematical prediction of the
interaction of places, the interaction being a function of
population size of the respective places and the distance
between them. Size (population) is directly related to
interaction and distance is inversely related to interaction.
• Friction of distance/distance decay
• Based on Newton’s Law of Gravity
• Predicts the amount of interaction (in this case, migration)
between two places
Example: Henderson
Place
Henderson
Las Vegas
Moapa Valley
Los Angeles, CA
Population
256,445
Distance (from Henderson)
N/A
567,641
11 miles
7,632
48 miles
12,828,837
230 miles
Migration Patterns
• Intercontinental
• From one continent to another
• Interregional
• From one region of a country to another
• Intraregional
• Within one region of a country
• Rural to Urban
Internal Migrations
• Two kinds
• Intraregional
• Interregional
• Intraregional: people moving within one geographic region
within a country
• Interregional: people moving from one region to another
within a country
• Can be international if culture is maintained
Intraregional
• Urbanization – The movement of people to, and the
clustering of people in, towns and cities; Net migration
from a rural area to the urban, city area.
• Move from rural to urban
• Suburbanization – Movement of upper- and middle-class
people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts
to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social
conditions (perceived and actual); Net migration from an
urban city area to the suburbs in more developed
countries.
• Move from urban to suburban
• Counterurbanization – Net migration from urban to rural
areas.
Interregional
Examples
Migration Transition Model
• Migration transition – Change in the migration pattern in a
society that results from industrialization, population growth,
and other social and economic changes that also produce the
demographic transition.
• Wilbur Zelinsky
• Stage 1
• Migration for food, rather than permanent migration
• Stage 2
• High population, technological improvements lead to out-migration
• Stage 3 & 4
• Destination of international migrants from Stage 2 countries
• Most internal migration is intraregional
• Cities to suburbs
Global Migration Trends
• Migration stream – A well-
defined migration channel
from a specific origin to a
particular destination.
• 3 largest migration
streams
• Asia to Europe
• Asia to North America
• Latin America to North
America
• Net In Migration: Europe,
North America & Oceania
• Net Out Migration: Asia,
Latin America & Africa
Case Study: Europe
• 1800-1920
• CDR drops, population soars
• Led to Europe being a source region for migrants
• “Net Out Migration”
• Other factors as well
• Agriculture: Irish potato famine
• Economic: Downturns in Europe; job opportunities in the U.S.
• Cultural: Religious persecution; network connections/chain migration
• Political: Instability, repression, lack of freedoms
Case Study: Europe
• 1960-2000
• CBR, CDR drops, increase in elderly population (graying of
Europe)
• Guest worker – Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short
term. This is typically seen in the more developed countries of
Northern and Western Europe, where migrants usually come from
Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of
higher-paying jobs.
• Europe = destination for migrants, particularly from North Africa
• “Net In Migration”
• Results
• Labor shortages in Europe
• Labor surplus in N. Africa
• Overpopulated in N. Africa
U.S. Immigration Trends
• 3 Phases
1. American colonies
• European settlement, mainly British
• African slaves
2. Nineteenth-Twentieth Century
• 1840-1850: Western Europe
• 1880s: Northern Europe
• Beginning of Twentieth Century: Southern & Eastern Europe
3. 2nd Half of Twentieth Century
• Latin America & Asia
• Periods of Decline
• U.S. Civil War, 1893 Depression, WWI, Great Depression, WWII
Nordic Migration to U.S.
• Nordic
Migration to
the U.S.
20th C. U.S. Immigration
Early
• Source: E. & S. Europe
• Push:
• Political Instability (WWI,
Russian Rev.)
• Lack of jobs
• Religious persecution
• Overpopulation (Stage 2)
• Pull:
• U.S. Industrialization
• Increased demand for labor
• Specific industries: construction,
transportation, city expansion
Late
• Source: Asia & Latin Am.
• Push:
• End of Cold War
• Poverty, lack of jobs
• Overpopulation (Stage 2)
• Religious/ethnic conflict
• Environmental problems
• Pull:
• U.S. shift to service-based industry
• Increased demand for low-wage
jobs
• Expansion of ethnic economy
• Expansion of “agribusiness”
• High Tech Industry = need for
software & hardware production
Internal U.S. Migration
U.S. Migration Interactive Map
• Mapping Migration in the United States
U.S. Internal Migration
In Migration
Out Migration
• Regions:
• Pacific Northwest,
Southwest, Northeast
• Regions:
• Great Plains, Midwest, Rust
Belt, Deep South, Corn Belt
• States:
• Arizona, California,
Delaware, Florida, Maine,
Maryland, New Hampshire,
Tennessee, Vermont,
Virginia
• States:
• Alabama, Illinois, Kansas,
Louisiana, Massachusetts,
Montana, New York, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Utah
Why?
• Economic Structure
• Deindustrialization
• Shift to service/technology industries away from agriculture
• Suburbanization
• Friction of Distance
• Gravity Model (FoD tied to migration decisions)
• Telecommuting (FoD not as important as it used to be)
• Improved transportation/communication (FoD not as important)
• Age Structure
• Retirees moving to Sun Belt states, Florida
• Young professionals move to areas for job opportunities
• Young couples move to suburbs to provide lots of amenities
Sun Belt
Internal Net Migration
• Net Migration (County Scale)
Refugees, Asylum Seekers, IDPs
• Refugees
• People who are forced to migrate from their home country and
cannot return due to a well-founded fear of persecution because of
their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or
political opinion.
• Asylum Seekers
• Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of
being recognized as a refugee.
• U.S. 2013: 84,343 Asylum claims
• Largest recipient of claims in the world
• 8th year in a row
• Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
• Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political
reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international
border.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJUWdMLHFWw
Refugees
• UN reports 45.2 million refugees worldwide
• Numbers vary a lot
• Two types
• International refugees
• Crossed one or more international borders and are in a country other
than their own
• Intranational
• Abandoned their homes but not their homeland
• IDPs
Refugees
IDPs 2010
1. Sudan
1. 4.9 million
2. Colombia
1. 3.3 million
3. Iraq
1. 2.7 million
How do you identify a refugee?
• UN Definition
• 3 General Characteristics
• Move with only what they can carry
• Begin journey by foot, bicycle, wagon or boat
• Lack official documents usually needed for international migration
U.S. Refugee Numbers
•
Refugee Arrivals by Country of Nationality: Fiscal Years 2009 to 2011
2011
• Country of nationality
Number
Percent
Number
2010
Percent
Number
2009
Percent
•
Total ................
56,384
100.0
73,293
100.0
74,602
100.0
•
Burma ................
16,972
30.1
16,693
22.8
18,202
24.4
•
Bhutan ...............
14,999
26.6
12,363
16.9
13,452
18.0
•
Iraq ..................
9,388
16.7
18,016
24.6
18,838
25.3
•
Somalia ...............
3,161
5.6
4,884
6.7
4,189
5.6
•
Cuba .................
2,920
5.2
4,818
6.6
4,800
6.4
•
Eritrea ................
2,032
3.6
2,570
3.5
1,571
2.1
•
Iran ..................
2,032
3.6
3,543
4.8
5,381
7.2
•
DR Congo.............
977
1.7
3,174
4.3
1,135
1.5
•
Ethiopia ...............
560
1.0
668
0.9
321
0.4
•
Afghanistan ............
428
0.8
515
0.7
349
0.5
•
•
All other countries,
including unknown .............
2,915
5.2
6,049
8.3
6,364
8.5
Examples
• Syrian Refugees
• Syrian refugees surpass 4 million
• Civil Wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, & Sudan
• Ethnic war between Hutu & Tutsi groups in Rwanda
• Has spilled over into DRC & Burundi
• Displacement due to ongoing dispute between Israelis &
Palestinians
• Afghanistan
• Due to Taliban rule
• Soviet Invasion in 1970-80s
• U.S. involvement during 2000s
• “Boat People” who fled Communist rule in Vietnam
Refugees in Myanmar
• Who are the Rohingya Fleeing Myanmar
• Questions to consider:
• Why are the Rohingya being persecuted?
• Who can help the Rohingya? How?
Yugoslavia
• After the collapse of the
former Yugoslavia, over
1 million were displaced
• Formed 5 independent
countries
• Bosnia & Herzegovina
• Croatia
• Macedonia
• Serbia & Montenegro
(which later split)
• Slovenia
Where do refugees go?
• Repatriation or resettlement?
• Repatriation – A refugee or group of refugees returning to
their home country, usually with the assistance of
government or a non-governmental organization (NGO).
• Resettlement within a country
U.S. Refugee Resettlement
• Wyoming Debates Refugee Resettlement
• Questions to consider:
• What should be offered to refugees as they try to acclimate to a
new country? Who (and how) should pay for it?
• In a small state, like Wyoming, how could refugee resettlement
impact the political landscape?