Transcript BElgium NEtherlands LUXembourg

Chapter 16
Central Western Europe
SECTION 1: France
INTRO
• French call their country “The Hexagon.”
• 6 sided, water borders three sides.
• Mountains form forbidding barriers on two other
sides.
• Northeast = Low Hills and flat, wide plains provide
easy passage into neighboring countries.
• Strong national identity.
Regions and Economic Activities
• Historic cultural and economic regions exist within
France.
• Varied Market Economy
– Rich farming areas.
– Huge, urban manufacturing and commercial centers.
Northern France
• Paris Basin – part of the Northern European Plain.
– Drained by the Seine River.
• In the center of the Paris Basin, on the banks of the
Seine, lies Paris.
• Paris is the economic, political and cultural capital
of France.
• Paris and its surrounding form the center of
commercial industry.
– Raw materials shipped here are turned into finished
products.
Northern France
• The city of Lille, north of Paris is another important
industrial center.
• Since 1800s, the availability of coal for fuel has been
a major pull factor for steel mills, textile factories
and chemical plants in and around Lille.
Vineyards of the Southwest
• Southern parts of France have warm air and dry soil
• Grapes used to make French wine thrive in these
conditions.
• Bordeaux = City with reputation for best wines.
Life in Southern France
• East of Bordeaux lie two mountainous areas.
– Massif Central
– Alps
• These two rugged regions are divided by the Rhone
River.
Life in Southern France Continued…
• The Massif Central lies to the west of the Rhone and
forms 1/6 of France’s land area.
• Landscape of Massif is a mixture of older peaks
worn flat by time and newer sharper peaks that are
not yet eroded.
Life in Southern France Cont…
• Massif Central = poor soil but various crops still
grow.
• East of the Rhone lie the Alps, a rugged barrier of
towering, snowcapped mountains.
• Mont Blanc, the tallest peak in the Alps, rises
15,771 ft. above sea level.
Life in Southern France Cont…
• For centuries, the Alps hindered movement
between France and Italy.
• In 1787, Horace de Saussure, a naturalist and
physicist climbed to the top of Mt. Blanc and wrote
“Someday, a carriage road will be built under Mont
Blanc.”
Life in Southern France Cont…
• Alps are known worldwide for their fashionable
ski resorts and challenging skiing.
• During the summer, a magnificent array of alpine
wildflowers covers the mountain slopes.
• Hikers come from around the world to enjoy the
scenery.
Along the Mediterranean
• Nestled between the Alps and the Mediterranean
Sea in Southeastern France is a thin strip of lowlying coastal land.
– Area known as the Riviera, attracts millions of tourists
each year.
– Warm climate is ideal for sunbathing on the region’s
famous beaches and swimming in the sea.
Along the Mediterranean
• The French Riviera is also known as the Cote
d’Azur (Azure Coast) … for its magnificent scenery
formed by the sky, the sea, and the local flower,
lavender.
• Many people visit Cannes, Nice and Saint-Tropez.
Continued…
• The city of Cannes is also famous for its annual
international film festival.
• The port of Marseille is the busiest seaport in
France and the second most active in all of
Western Europe.
Continued…
• Petroleum is brought in Southwest Asia and North
Africa and unloaded at Marseille.
• Wine, electronic goods, and chemicals, are shipped
from Marseille to other countries (exports).
Industry in the East
• In the east of France lies the Rhine Valley.
• Here the Rhine River, Europe’s busiest
waterway, forms part of France’s border with
Germany.
• Lorraine has France’s largest deposits of iron
ore.
– Nearby coal is mined.
Understanding the Past
• Referring to France’s great diversity, former French
President Charles de Gaulle once said, “How can
you govern a country that has 246 varieties of
cheese?”
• Despite having diversity that would cause other
countries to split up, France is a highly unified
country.
Cooperation and Conflict
• France was known as Gaul when the Romans
conquered it in the first century B.C.
• Area prospered under the Romans.
• Gauls were strongly influenced by Romans and
adapted their Latin language and Christian religion.
• As Roman Empire declined, the Franks, who came
from the area that is now Germany, conquered the
region.
Continued…
• The Franks gave France its name.
• One of the most famous conquerors of all time,
Charlemagne, became king of the Franks in A.D.
768.
• By his death in 814, he controlled a huge empire
known as the Holy Roman Empire.
Continued…
• Charlemagne set up an efficient government in his
realm (kingdom).
– Sent out missionaries to spread Christianity throughout
northern Europe.
– Encouraged the arts and a revival of learning.
Continued…
• The Holy Roman Empire fell after Charlemagne’s
death.
• By the 10th century, the power lay in the hands of
the nobles who controlled land in the kingdom.
• Under Capet, the monarchy grew strong once again.
One Country, One Language
• Before the 1500s French was only spoken around
Paris.
• Alsatian, German, Basque, and Breton are still
spoken in various parts of France, as well as several
dialects.
• New words cannot be published into French
dictionaries without the approval of the French
Academy.
Cultural Identity
• French take great pride in their intellectual and
artistic achievements.
• Among their greatest heroes are:
– Rene Descartes
– Jean Paul Sartre
– Voltaire
– Claude Monet
– Pierre Auguste Renoir
Impressionism
Continued…
• French also take a lead role in setting clothing
styles.
• Famous French designers create clothes that
influence fashion all over the world.
• Paris has been the cultural center of France.
• Today, the city’s art galleries and museums,
including the famous Louvre, celebrate
achievements of these artists.
France Today
• France is a wealthy nation.
• Struggled in 1990s and 2000s, due to economic
recession.
• Unemployment remained high and workers and
students waged frequent strikes against
government reform.
• France’s opposition to military action against Iraq in
2003 disrupted its traditionally strong relationship
with the United States.
Section 2: Germany
• On Thursday night, November 9th, 1989, thousands
of East and West Berliners gathered along the Berlin
Wall.
• Hours earlier the East German government had
announced that the borders between East and West
Germany would be opened.
Germany’s Struggle for Unity
• The 103 mile-long wall was built in 1961 by the
Communist East German government to keep its
citizens from escaping to West Germany.
• Germany’s history as a nation has been one of
divisions and unifications.
Divided German States
• The area that is now Germany was once part of
Charlemagne’s great Holy Roman Empire.
• After Charlemagne’s death, Germany broke up into
many small, independent political units.
• During the 1500s, a movement called the
Protestant Reformation divided the German states
even further (Warfare).
• In the late 1700s, Prussia, led a movement to merge
many German states into a single confederation.
Continued…
• After Germany defeated France in the FrancoPrussian War of 1870-1871, German states agreed
to join the new German Empire.
United Germany’s Defeats
• In 1882 Germany joined with Austria-Hungary and
Italy to form a military alliance known as the Triple
Alliance.
Continued…
• Between 1914 and 1918, Germany, AustriaHungary, and other countries fought against France,
Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States and
other allies in World War I.
• According to the terms of the treaty following the
war, a defeated Germany had to pay the victors
reparations.
• As a result, Germany suffered economically.
Continued…
• The economy collapsed in the early 1920s when
inflation ruined the value of Germany’s currency.
• In 1929, a worldwide economic depression left
millions of Germans without jobs.
• In the early 1930s, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party
came to power in Germany.
• Hitler promised to restore Germany’s past glory and
to improve the economy.
• He blamed the Jews and other people whom he
considered to be racially inferior for all of
Germany’s problems.
Continued…
• In 1939, WWII began with the German invasion of
Poland.
• During the war, Hitler had millions of Jews, Poles,
Gypsies, Slavs, and other people killed in
concentration camps.
• In April 1945, Germany was defeated by the Allied
countries (UK, France, US, and Soviet Union).
One People, Two Countries
• Following the war, tensions grew between the
Western Allies and the Soviet Union concerning
Germany’s future.
• In 1949, Western leaders established West Germany
• The Soviets set up the Communist German
Democratic Republic (East Germany).
• For 40 years, Germany remained divided.
• In late 1989, a wave of demonstrations calling for
democracy swept through Eastern Europe.
• On October 3rd, 1990, East and W. Germany were
officially reunited.
Physical Characteristics
• NORTH – Flat
• MIDDLE- Hills, low peaks and tall plateaus
• SOUTH – Craggy Mountains (Alps)
Continued…
• Germany – Mild Climate, influenced by North Sea.
• Southern Area – humid climate, cold winters, warm
summers.
Plains, Rivers and Cities
• Northern Germany – Part of North European Plain.
– Hundreds of miles of flat, sandy plains.
• Rivers flow north out of the southern highlands
across the plains to the sea.
• Although much of the plains are farmed
(agriculture), manufacturing and trade are also
important economic
activities.
Continued…
• Hamburg (located in W. Germany) – largest port,
leading center of trade.
– Much of city was destroyed during WWII bombing runs.
Continued…
• Rostock – East Germans created their own harbor
after WWII division, after losing access to West
German ports.
• Berlin – Capital and largest city.
Natural Resources and Industry
• 2 Major Rivers flow through central Germany.
– Rhine
– Elbe
• One of the most important industrial centers in the
world.
– Produces Iron, Steel, Chemicals and Textiles.
– Eastern central part: Steel, machinery, automobiles and
textiles are produced in cities such as Leipzig and
Dresden.
Continued…
• Power for the factories comes mostly from lignite, a
soft, brown coal.
– Easily Mined.
– Heavy pollutant.
• Frankfurt – Germany’s banking center.
Scenic Southern Germany
• Southern Border – Bavarian Alps.
• Munich – Germany’s cultural center.
– Theatres
– Museums
– Paintings
– All damaged during WWII but restored.
Section 3: The Benelux Countries
• Crowded together in northwestern Europe are
three small countries:
– BElgium
– NEtherlands
– LUXembourg
Intro Continued…
• Combined land area = Small
• Population = 26.4 million (Almost as much as
Canada).
• Belgium and the Netherlands are the most densely
populated countries in Europe.
The Netherlands
• “God made the world, but the Dutch made the
Netherlands.” – Rene Descartes.
• Dutch have created 1/5th of their country’s land by
reclaiming it from sea, lakes and swamps.
Environmental Change
• 2,000 years ago, people living in the area of the
Netherlands, built mounds w/ stone walls to live +
farm.
• Romans conquered area, they constructed dikes, or
embankments of earth and rock.
Continued…
• Dutch became even more skillful at creating new
land. Encircled a piece of land with dikes and
pumped out water out into canals (Polder).
• Land used for farming, cities etc.
• 1/3 of country is below sea level.
•
•
•
•
Making Use of Land
Population (16 million)
Extremely high population density.
More than half of the land is used for agriculture.
Randstad or ring city is an arc shaped metropolis
that include the cities of The Hague, Rotterdam,
Amsterdam, and Utrecht.
– Government is trying to prevent this densely populated
are from expanding into nearby rural areas.
Advantages of Location
• Rotterdam + Amsterdam are both important ports
located along North Sea.
• Rotterdam serves as a link between much of Europe
and the rest of the world.
Belgium
• 30% of all Belgians speak French and call
themselves Walloons.
• 55% speak Flemish, a dialect of Dutch.
• After Belgium gained independence from the
Netherlands in 1830, relations between the
Walloons and the Flemings grew tense.
Luxembourg
• Smaller than Rhode Island.
• Independent.
• Languages spoken: French, German and
Luxembourgish.
• Highest standard of living in Europe.
• Member of European Union and has diversified
economic activities.
Section 4: Switzerland and Austria
• The Alps tower above Switzerland and Austria.
Intro Continued…
• Both countries are politically neutral.
• Neither is a member of NATO.
Switzerland
• 3 official languages:
– French 19%
– German 64%
– Italian
• Some people speak a dialect called Romansch.
• Each ethnic group has its own name for Switzerland.
– Germans = Schweiz
– French = Suisse
– Italians = Svizzera
Understanding the Past
• Switzerland was formed in 1291, when leaders of
three cantons, or states, formed the Swiss
Confederation to fight an Austrian Emperor.
– Loose organization of states united for a common good.
– Would later grow to 13 cantons (1513).
Continued…
• In 1515, France fought Switzerland in Italy and was
defeated. The Swiss never fought in a foreign war
again.
• In 1798, Napoleon’s armies occupied Switzerland.
– When his forces were defeated, European countries
recognized Switzerland as a neutral country.
– Since then, Switzerland has not taken sides in conflicts
between other countries, and no other European
country has invaded its borders.
Cultures and Citizenship
• Today, 26 cantons make up Switzerland.
• They differ in language, religion, customs and ways
in which people make a living.
• Cantons have a great deal of control over their own
affairs.
– Any law passed by the government must be ratified by
popular vote if enough Swiss citizens request.
– Gives more direct control to people.
A Prosperous Market Economy
• Switzerland thrives due to its strong national unity
and neutrality.
• Swiss enjoy one of the highest standards of living in
the world.
– Few natural resources but has developed economic
activities that are highly profitable.
• Dairy Farms (Agriculture)
– Milk (Perishable Good, doesn’t stay fresh for long).
– Turned into chocolate and cheese for export.
Specializing for Global Trade
• Switzerland has no mineral resources. Specialize in
making products that require skilled labor, instead
of many materials or costly transportation.
• For hundreds of years, Swiss jewelers produce
watches known throughout the world for their
accuracy.
• They also produce high quality tools such as
microscopes and measuring and cutting tools.
Continued…
• World leaders in discovery of new medicines.
• Banking is a important service industry, safe place
to keep money because of the country’s neutrality.
• Tourism is also very important to Swiss economy.
Austria
• Austria’s present borders were created at the end of
World War 1. However, this country of German
speakers has roots that reach back more than one
thousand years.
• 1800s joins Austro-Hungarian Empire, following
WWI (1918) the empire collapsed (sided with
Germans :/ ).
Continued…
• Austria and Hungary were separated into
independent countries.
• Much of the land they controlled was take to form
new European countries.
• Mountains cover much of Austria, population is
concentrated in eastern low area, where terrain is
mostly flat.
Continued….
• Austria has used Switzerland as a model for its
economic renewal.
– Cattle breeding and dairy farming are important
agricultural activities.
– Created specialized industries.
• Machine tools
• Chemicals
• textiles
Continued…
• However, unlike Switzerland Austria has deposits of
iron ore which are mined in the Eastern Alps.
– Strip mining – stripping the layer of the earth to lay bare
the mineral deposits.
– Other mined resources include magnesite, aluminum,
copper and lead.
Continued…
• Vienna, is the country’s capital and the political and
cultural center of the Austrian Empire.