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Canada’s People
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Canada is the 2nd largest country in the world
in terms of physical size.
Regardless of its size, Canada’s population is
quite small.
Many factors influence where people choose
to live.
Ex. Climate/weather, vegetation, attractions,
etc.
Canada’s Human Landscape
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Geographers study population in a number of
different ways.
1. Population Distribution
2. Population Density
3. Site and Situation
4. Settlement Patterns
Population Distribution
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Population Distribution: where
people have chosen to live in a
particular country. Ex. Some choose
to live near the ocean, forest, etc.
(See fig. 3.2 pg. 43)
⬜ Where is most of Canada’s
Population distributed?
■ Along the southern Canadian border
Archipelago Effect: A pocket of
settlements (They resemble little islands
throughout the forest, tundra, etc.)
◻Some geographers use the term
Archipelago Effect to describe population
distribution because it refers to how
settlements are spread out like islands,
not in the water but in little pockets spread
over the country.
◻The population of Canada is spread out
over 7200km from east to west.
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Population Density: a tool used by
geographers to analyze how closely together
people live in a certain area. (The average
number of people occupying an area).
To find the population density you divide the
number of people by the size of the area.
⬜ Population of Canada=34 000 000
⬜ Size of Canada=9,984,670 km2
⬜ 34 000 000/9 984 670=3.4
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⬜ Canada has about 3.4 people per square Km.
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Netherlands has 400 people per square Km.
Does this mean that Canada’s population is small?
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How can this calculation tool be misleading?
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Site and Situation Factors pg.
45
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Site factors include:
Physical landscape
⬜ Fertile soil
⬜ Abundant trees
⬜ Plentiful fish
⬜ Presence of
minerals
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Situation factors
include:
Economy
⬜ Trade
⬜ Markets
⬜ Transportation
⬜ Political
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Settlement Patterns pg. 46-47
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Different groups of
peoples settled in
different parts of NA,
sometimes for specific
reasons.
The Innu lived mainly inland to make use of
the large caribou herds while the Inuit lived
near the sea to harvest resources from the
sea.
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First nations continue to live in their original
areas today, although they face many
challenges.
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◻ European settlers were attracted by site and
situation factors to the same areas that had
attracted the First Nations before them.
◻ Many First Nations were forced to relocate (move to
another area) by the europeans. (NL, NB, PEI, NS
etc)
◻ First Nations were often forced off of their land by
the Europeans and had to move to land that had
fewer resources.
◻ Europeans who settled in the Maritimes farmed on
fertile land and fished near the sea.
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In France people wanted to settle near the rivers
which provided a major means of transportation.
The Seigneurial System was a system used in
France which involved long, narrow lots facing rivers.
(QB) This allowed for access to the roads when they
were built.
In Ontario, access to rivers
for transport was less
important. The British were
familiar with the Township
System, so they used it
there.
◻ The Township System
consists of square blocks of
land (approx 100 acres).
(Used mostly in Ontario)
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◻Sections were used in the prairies which
consisted of 640 acres divided into quarter
sections. (AB, MB, SK)
◻Over time, climate and economics caused
farmers to either expand or leave.
Growth and Decline of
Settlements
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Growth
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During confederation in 1867, Canada was largely an
agricultural area.
1800’s- Great Lakes Area was a prime spot due to
fertile land, and favourable climate, site and situation
factors. This is how Montreal, Toronto and Hamilton
developed.
Atlantic Canada and West Coast (BC) promoted
fishing, lumbering, and shipbuilding. That’s why we
have port cities like St. John’s, Halifax and Saint John.
Farming was confined to small pockets of land which
had fertile soil in valleys and river deltas.
See pg. 49 – Fig. 3.9 – Halifax’s growth over time.
◻ As our culture began to
progress, settlements
provided farmers in an area
with things such as markets
where they could sell their
products.
◻ In the Great Lakes regions,
canals, roads and railways
provided transportation and
encouraged greater
agricultural growth.
◻ As farms became more
prosperous, eventually towns
grew into cities.
Classifying Communities
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Today we can classify Canada’s communities
into groups that reflect their growth or decline
over the years.
Classify- To arrange things or ideas into
groups based on shared qualities.
Reflect on NL- We can see how some places
are growing and some are declining. Most
communities are constantly in a state of
change.
Figure 3.10 p. 50- Urbanization in Canada
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One way to classify
communities is by
the services they
provide- Villages
only provide limited
services like general
stores with limited
products, gas
stations and maybe
a school and post
office.
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Villagers have to
travel to other
communities for
High Schools,
hospitals, large
stores, museums,
colleges and small
shopping centres.
Growth and Decline of
Settlements
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Decline:
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In 1881 ¾ Canadians lived in rural areas(Outside of
towns or cities, example – Traytown)
Primary industries in rural areas are agriculture,
forestry, fishing or mining.
After the industrial revolution (1900’s) more and more
people moved to urban areas (towns with 1000 or
more people/cities, example – Gander)
The movement of people from rural to urban is called:
rural to urban drift. Sometimes this can occur between
provinces. For example, Ontario was once the hot spot
for skilled trades jobs, now it is …..?
◻ Industrial revolution- The transition from an
economy based on agriculture to one based
on manufacturing.
◻ Rural to urban drift- The movement of people
from areas of lower population densities into
towns and cities.
◻ Urbanization- The process by which a rural
area becomes urban.
By 1939 more than half of Canada’s population lived
in urban areas.
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Entire communities based on agriculture, fishing,
mining etc. have become ghost towns.
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Other communities have lost population because of
the loss of the railway or relocation of highways.
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It is difficult for rural regions to survive when so many
people are moving into cities and towns. Services
decline due to population decline, and then people
move away due to lack of services.
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Fur Trade in 1700’s
Oil was noticed in
late 1800’s
Some cities/towns
in Canada have
become “Ghost
Towns” after the
resources were
depleted.
Census History
Year
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2006
2010
Population
926
1,186
6,847
31,000
34,706
38,667
47,705
76,797
Global Perspectives: Mega
Cities
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Mega Cities: massive urban areas that are so large
that city life becomes difficult to sustain.
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Sao Paulo
Shanghai
Mexico City
Mumbai (Once called BomBay)
People face:
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Poverty
Poor water and air quality
Traffic congestion
Inadequate services (electricity, water, sewage, etc)
Canada: A Regional Perspective p.
52
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Regional analysis is a tool used by
geographers.
It involves breaking a whole into parts to help
investigate and understand.
Although they may vary within a region,
characteristics of regions can be broken down
into:
Location
⬜ Physical and cultural characteristics
⬜ Political perspective
⬜ Hierarchy
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Location- Communities within the same region will
share a geographic location, usually expressed with a
regional name: Ex. Atlantic Canada
Physical and cultural characteristics- Regions have
specific boundaries and cultural characteristics. Ex.
The physical location of the Prairies makes it different
from the Canadian shield.
Political perspective- Political boundaries are not the
same as physical ones. Ex. Southern Ontario shares
physical characteristics with the US, but there are
political differences.
Hierarchy- Regions that have smaller regions within
them.
Core and Periphery
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The core is the nucleus of a geographic region.
It is the most developed area, greatest wealth,
and highest population density. Example: St.
Anthony
The periphery is all other areas outside the
core. Sometimes referred to as “hinterland”.
Example: Goose Cove, Raleigh
Refer to table 3.14 p. 56
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What is the main function of the following
areas?
Toronto?
⬜ Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo?
⬜ St. John’s?
⬜ Victoria?
⬜ Saskatoon?
⬜ Calgary?
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Regional Identities
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Historical and cultural legacies influence the
identity of an area. For example, the timber
trade of the 1800’s in northern NB, QB, and
Ont. Promoted the image of the lumberjack
once thought of as a man with a plaid jacket
and toque, now there is modern equipment
Log Drivers Waltz ( A NL Spin) –show after next
slide
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ekqsHP9Sc
k
Past
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Frp0egKBkXA
Present
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Sometimes regional identities can create
stereotypes. Stereotypes can be inaccurate,
reflect narrow or biased views, and promote
political and cultural strife (awkwardness).
Use the chart provided by your teacher to
describe the stereotypes for:
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Fisherman
Loggers
Newfoundlanders
Main landers
Townies
Groups
Fisherman
Loggers
Newfoundla
nders
Main
Landers
Townies
Stereotypes