Transcript File

Grade 9 SOCIAL STUDIES
UNIT 2: CHAPTER 3
Canada’s People
• In this chapter we will study why people live
where they do, and how many people live there.
We will also investigate population patterns in
various cities and rural areas.
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
• Population distribution: describes where
people have chosen to live in a particular
country.
• Some people decide to live:
▫ near the ocean
▫ in an agricultural area
▫ in a forested area
• Some geographers refer to Canada’s population
distribution as an archipelago effect.
• An archipelago is a group of islands.
• This analogy refers to Canada’s pockets of
settlement as islands, not in an ocean of water,
but rather in seas of forest, rock, muskeg,
prairie, tundra and mountains.
POPULATION DENSITY
• Population Density: is a tool used by
geographers to analyze how closely together
people live in a particular country or area.
• Population density is defined as the average
number of people occupying an area.
• It can be used to compare the populations of
different countries. But a direct comparison can
be misleading.
Equation to Calculate Population
Density:
The equation gives us the number of
people per square kilometre (km2)
Comparing Population Density of
Different Countries
• Canada’s Population density is approximately
3.1 people/km2 (based on a population of 31
million.)
• The Netherlands, with a population of 16.5
million has a population density of ›400
people/km2
• It appears that Canada has a small population
BUT we must remember that large sections of
Canada are uninhabited or have very few people
• Study figure 3.3 on page 44 of your text. Where
are the major pockets of population in Canada
located?
SITE AND SITUATION
• When studying the location and growth of towns
and cities, geographers divide factors that
determine the location of human settlements
into two main categories:
▫ Site factors
▫ Situation factors
Site Factors
• Site factors are features of the physical
landscape that attract people to a particular
area.
• Examples:
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fertile soil
abundant trees
plentiful fish
presence of minerals, that attract people to a
particular area
Situation Factors
• Situation factors involve a site’s relationship
to other places.
• Sometimes the relationship is economic, related
to trade, markets, or transportation.
• At other times, the relationship is political - for
example, a site may become the regional capital
or administrative centre
• A particular location is settled due to SITE
FACTORS. Whether these sites grow into towns
and cities over time depends on SITUATION
FACTORS.
Aboriginal Peoples
Inuit
• Aboriginal people of Arctic Canada.
• The word “Inuit” means “the people” in
Inuktitut
• Location:
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Nunavut
Northwest Territories
parts of Labrador and Quebec
lived along the coast and were focused primarily
on harvesting the resources of the sea.
Metis
• First Nations and European ancestry.
• Metis in Canada live primarily on the Prairies,
and in Ontario and the Northwest Territories.
• Generally lived off the land, hunting and
trapping.
FIRST NATIONS
• Whenever possible the specific First Nation
name should be used. (example: Innu)
• The term “Indian” may have come from
Columbus who mistakenly thought he landed in
India.
• The only time “Indian “should be used is when
quoting directly from a source that uses the work
or when referring to government documents or
legislation such as the Indian Act.
• Innu:
▫ Interior eastern portion of Quebec, north through
Labrador
▫ depended on the vast caribou herds of the
Labrador Peninsula and maintaining an extensive
trading network with other First Nations
• Mi’kmaq
▫ Lived on the Gaspe peninsula, in PEI and Nova
Scotia, the Northern and eastern coasts of New
Brunswick
Settlement Patterns
• Most of Canada’s population patterns are a
result of the interaction of history and culture
with the physical landscape.
• The Aboriginal Peoples lived in various areas of
Canada and all for very specific reasons.
Settlement Pattern 1:Relocation
• European settlers wanted to settle in land that
was occupied by Aboriginals.
• The European settlers were attracted by site and
situation factors to the same areas that had
attracted the First Nations before them.
• Long term contact between First Nation and
Europeans almost always led to the relocation
of the First Nations.
• First Nations were displaced from the most
favourable lands by European settlers.
• Many First Nations were forced onto lands set
aside by the government for their use, which
were often located in areas with few economic
resources.
Atlantic Canada
• The Europeans who settled in Atlantic Canada
farmed in the fertile areas, like the Annapolis
region of Nova Scotia.
• However, because there were relatively few areas
suited for farming many settlers turned to the
sea to make a living.
• This led to the creation of coastal communities.
Settlement Pattern 2:
Seigneurial System
• New France
▫ Settlers there wanted to be close to rivers for
transportation
• The seigneurial system of landholding used
in France led to a settlement pattern of long,
narrow lots facing rivers.
Settlement Pattern 3:Township System
• In Ontario, river transport was less important.
• Since the British were familiar with the
township system of settlement, they chose to
use it here.
• The township system consisted of square blocks
of land of approximately 100 acres each.
Settlement Pattern 4:Sections
• On the Prairies, the land was divided into a grid
pattern like Ontario’s.
• Instead of townships, however, land was divided
into sections of 640 acres (roughly 2.6 km2),
and then subdivided into quarter sections.
Growth and Decline of Settlements
• Growth
▫ At the time of Confederation in 1867, Canada was
primarily an agricultural country.
▫ In the 1800's, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence
Lowlands was the largest agricultural area in
Canada because of its fertile soil and favourable
climate.
• In Atlantic Canada, the land was not suited for large
agricultural development so people settled by the
ocean.
• The development of fishing, lumbering, and
shipbuilding industries promoted the growth of many
port cities like St. John’s, Halifax and Saint John and
many smaller coastal communities.
▫ The west coast promoted the development of
fishing and lumbering as major industries.
▫ Farming was confined to pockets of fertile land in
valleys and river deltas.
▫ Vancouver, situated on a large delta, became the
major port on the west coast and eventually grew
into Canada’s third largest city.
▫ Most of Canada’s large cities, such as Montreal,
Toronto, and Hamilton developed because of site
and situation factors.
▫ Early settlements provided services to the farmers,
such as markets to sell their products.
▫ Transportation systems encouraged greater
agricultural growth.
▫ As farmers grew more prosperous, towns grew
into cities that were able to supply them with
consumer goods and manufactured products.
• Classifying Communities
▫ Today, Canada’s communities can be classified,
or grouped, in a variety of ways that reflect their
growth and decline over the years.
▫ One way to classify communities is on the basis of
the services they provide.
• Villages provide limited services.
• Cities provide a high level of service and a more
specialized service to a very large population
base.
• Sometimes corridors spread out from major
cities. When the corridor from one city meets the
corridor of another city it creates a long urban
development.
• Decline
▫ In the 1881 census, approximately three out of
four Canadians lived in rural settlements.
▫ Rural Areas are those areas that are located
outside towns and cities. At this time most
Canadians made their living in a primary industry
such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, or mining.
▫ Over the next several decades Canada underwent
an INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. Market
towns and cities became industrial as well as
service centres. The development of railways, coal,
and steel assisted this change.
▫ As a result of changing economic conditions,
more and more people moved to urban areas,
where the new jobs were.
▫ Urban Areas are towns, cities with a population
of 1000 or more, or an area with a population
density of 400 people per square kilometre.
▫ This movement from rural area to cities is known
as rural to urban drift.
• By the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, a
little more than half of Canada’s population lived in
urban areas.
• Since WWII, the rate of urbanization has
increased resulting in:
▫ Abandoned farms in agricultural regions
▫ Fishing and mining towns have become “ghost
towns” abandoned once the resources were gone.
▫ It is sometimes a challenge for rural communities
to keep services when many of the people begin to
move to larger towns and cities.
▫ It is often difficult to keep services such as schools
and hospitals open when the population declines.
▫ Without these services, even more people move
away from villages and towns.
Regional Identities
• Geographers separate countries into regions .
• Characteristics of regions:
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Location
Physical and cultural characteristics
Political perspective
Hierarchy
• Location:
▫ Communities within a region share a geographic
location.
▫ The geographic location is often expressed in the
regional name (Atlantic Canada)
• Physical and Cultural Characteristics
▫ Regions share physical landscapes and similar
cultures.
• Political Perspective
▫ Geographic and political boundaries are not the
same.
▫ There are often similarities between places in
different countries.
▫ For example: Atlantic Canada and New England
(USA) share a common geography and culture
BUT are separate due to the Canada-U.S.A. border
• Hierarchy
▫ Regions often contain smaller regions within
them.
▫ Tourism departments use these smaller regions to
promote tourism to different parts of a province.
▫ Newfoundland and Labrador can be divided into
many smaller regions such as the Avalon and
Labrador.
Canada’s Regions
• Canada can be separated into five main regions:
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Atlantic Canada
Central Canada
The Prairies
British Columbia
The North
Group Activity
• As a group, you will be preparing a poster about
one of Canada’s regions.
• Your poster must include:
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Map of Canada with the region highlighted
Approximate population
List of the major cities
Any information about your region found on page
54 of your SS textbook
▫ Any information on your region found on pages
36-55 (example: Climate)
The Core and the Periphery