Transcript Oceania

Southeast Asia and Oceania
That’s a lot of islands
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Located on the equator:
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Almost entire region falls within the
humid tropics.
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Archipelago of about 25,000
islands
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Population: 610 million
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Southeast Asia is conventionally
divided into two cultural,
linguistic, and geographic
regions:
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Mainland Southeast Asia - the
countries of Thailand, Laos, Burma,
Cambodia and Vietnam;
Insular (Island) Southeast Asia - the
island or peninsular countries of
Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the
Philippines, East Timor
Southeast Asia
Mainland Southeast Asia
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Half of 11 countries are on mainland
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Vietnam
Cambodia
Thailand
Laos
Myanmar
part of Malaysia
Laos only country without coastline
• Most countries on Indochina Peninsula
• Malaysia shares Malay Peninsula with
Thailand as well as occupying part of
Borneo
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Insular Southeast Asia
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Insular = island
Brunei-almost surrounded by
Malaysia
East Timor-1999 became
independent of Indonesia
Indonesia-largest island country
with 13,677 islands (only 6,000 are
named and only 1,000 settled)
Singapore-just south of Malay
Peninsula
Philippines-11 islands have 95%
land area (900 of 7,000 islands
named)
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Regional setting
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Indonesia
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From the Greek Indos (India) and Nesos (Island),
literally the “Indian Islands.”
17,000 islands:
About 6,000 inhabited.
• Longest coastline in the world .
• Three time zones.
• Coastal zones supports approximately 60% of
the population.
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Controls two strategic straits:
Sunda and Malacca.
• Through which much of the world’s oil traffic
must pass.
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Volcanism
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Intense volcanic and seismic activity.
300 volcanoes of which 200 have been
historically active
Indonesia: Core and Periphery
More than 200 people per sqr km
Periphery
Inner islands (Java, Madura and Bali)
Fertile land due to volcanic origin and monsoon (among the most fertile land in
the world).
80% of the population on 7% of the land.
Mostly Javanese.
Outer islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya)
20% of the population on 93% of the land.
Most of the minorities.
Sparsely populated but abundant in resources.
Mountains and Volcanoes
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Dominate landscape
Most peaks below 10,000 feet
Create geographical and political barriers
Western and northern highlands separate
region from India and China
Three ranges run north to south
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ArakanYoma Range in western Myanmar
Bilauktaung Rnage between Myanmar and
Thailand
Annam Cordillera separating Vietnam from Laos
and Cambodia
Island mountains form part of Ring of Fire
Indonesian and Philippine islands marked by
craters
Mineral-rich volcanic material breaks down
and leaves rich, fertile soil, making Southeast
Asia highly productive agricultural area
Volcanoes of Indonesia and the Philippines
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327 volcanoes stretch across Indonesia
Java, home to 17 of Indonesia's 100 active
volcanoes, is one of Ring of Fire's most
active areas
1883 eruption of Krakatau destroyed
everything
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now monitor volcanic activity to be prepared
1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 20th
century's most powerful
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55 miles north of Philippine capital Manila
damaged town of Angeles
foot deep layer of ash over U.S. Clark Air Force
Base
Tectonic Activity in Indonesia
Eurasian Plate
Philippines Plate
Australian Plate
Australian Plate
Mainland Southeast Asia
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External influences
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Have been stronger than internal influences.
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China brought civilization and technology (early
history).
India brought religion (Hinduism and Buddhism).
Middle Eastern countries brought Islam and
trade.
Europe brought trade and colonialism.
USA and Japan brought imperialism (at different
levels):
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Recently brought trade and development.
Indochina
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Often used to define the region.
Hint at the strong historical Chinese and Indian
influence.
Notably refers to the former French colonies of
Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.
Bali, Fiji, and Tahiti
Rivers
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Waterways for transportation,
communication, and food
Silt and deposits of sediment create fertile
agricultural regions
Mainland rivers originate in northern
highlands and flow south to Gulf of Thailand
Irrawaddy in Myanmar
• Chao Phraya in Thailand
• Red in Vietnam
• Mekong between Thailand and Laos and through
Cambodia and Vietnam before emptying into South
China Sea, where it adds 50 feet/year to shoreline from
sediment
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Island rivers shorter and flow in various
directions
Indonesian rivers flow south to north
• Borneo's rivers flow from center outward
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Agriculture
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Two main types in SE Asia
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Slash and Burn
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Located in upland areas
Slash forest and burn before rainy
season
Rain washed nutrients into ground
Grows for 1-2 years then must
abandon plot for 10-15 years
Wet Rice Agriculture
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Must dramatically change land
Must build terraces and irrigation
canals
• Nutrients provided by algae in water
• Very labor intensive, but can yield
two crops a year
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Mainland Southeast Asia: Thailand
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Profile
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The “Land of the free”:
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Chao Phrya Valley
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Bangkok
Never colonized by European powers.
The core along the Chao Phrya Valley.
Access to the Indian (Gulf of Bengal) and
Pacific (Gulf of Thailand) oceans.
62 million population:
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%.
• Buddhist 94.4%, Islam 4%, Hindu 1.1%,
Christian 0.5%.
• Muslims minority in the south (along the
Malaysia border).
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Indian Ocean
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75
150
300 Miles
Mainland Southeast Asia: Vietnam
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Geographical setting
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Hanoi
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Red River Delta
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Ho Chi Min City
(Saigon)
Mekong River Delta
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150
300 Miles
Coastal plain along the South China Sea with a
population of 78 million.
Stands for “People of the south”.
Two major deltas: the Red River (Song Koi) and
Mekong.
Natural penetration corridor towards China.
Only 5% of the territory is mountainous.
The south is more fertile.
Most minerals resources in north.
Government still one-party
communist-ish, but opened up to
free markets
Economies
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Variety of political, economic
and cultural landscapes
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Least advanced economies of
the region:
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Emerging nations:
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Laos, Cambodia and Burma.
Malaysia, Indonesia, the
Philippines, Thailand.
The leader: Singapore.
Phnom Phem and
Singapore
Oceania
Australia, New Zealand, and
surrounding islands
Geography of Australia
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World’s smallest
continent/largest island; 6th
largest country
Western half: plateau rising
to mountains
Eastern half: Great Artesian
Basin, rising to Great
Dividing Range in East
Outback in the middle;
covers 70% of Continent
Tasmania: large,
mountainous island to
southeast
Size Comparison
The Outback
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Any area outside of
urban zones is known as
“the bush” in Australia;
more remote areas are
called “outback”
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Used for tourism,
agriculture, and mining
Ayers Rock (Uluru)
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Sacred spot to indigenous
people
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home to a plethora of springs,
waterholes, rock caves and
ancient paintings
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Known for changing colors
during the day/year
New Zealand
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900 miles East of Australia
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Mostly forests, sharp mountain
peaks (Southern Alps) due to
convergence of plates
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Queen of England is the head of
state, she appoints a GovernorGeneral to act for her in NZ at the
recommendation of the Prime
Minister
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Wool is major export
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Known for unusual birds