Transcript Southeast Asia and Oceania - TypePad

Southeast Asia and Oceania
That’s a lot of islands
Southeast Asia
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Located on the equator:
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almost entire region falls within the
humid tropics.
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Archipelago of about 25,000 islands
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Population: 610 million
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Southeast Asia is conventionally
divided into two cultural, linguistic,
and geographic regions:
Mainland Southeast Asia - the countries
of Thailand, Laos, Burma, Cambodia and
Vietnam;
• Insular (Island) Southeast Asia - the
island or peninsular countries of
Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the
Philippines, East Timor, and Indonesia
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Mainland Southeast Asia
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half of 11 countries are on mainland
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Vietnam
Cambodia
Thailand
Laos
Myanmar
part of Malaysia
Laos only country without coastline
• most on Indochina Peninsula
• Malaysia shares Malay Peninsula with
Thailand as well as occupying part of
Borneo
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Island Southeast Asia
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insular-island
Brunei-almost surrounded by
Malaysia
East Timor-1999 became
independent of Indonesia
Indonesia-largest island country with
13,677 islands (only 6,000 are named
and only 1,000 settled)
Singapore-just south of Malay
Peninsula
Philippines-11 islands have 95% land
area (900 of 7,000 islands named)
Indonesia
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Regional setting
From the Greek Indos (India) and Nesos (Island),
literally the “Indian Islands.”
• 17,000 islands:
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About 6,000 inhabited.
• Longest coastline in the world .
• Three time zones.
• Coastal zones supports approximately 60% of the
population.
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Controls two strategic straits:
Sunda and Malacca.
• Through which much of the world’s oil traffic must pass.
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Volcanism
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Intense volcanic and seismic activity.
300 volcanoes of which 200 have been historically
active
Indonesia: Core and Periphery
More than 200 people per sqr km
Periphery
Inner islands (Java, Madura and Bali)
Fertile land due to volcanic origin and monsoon (among the most fertile land in
the world).
80% of the population on 7% of the land.
Mostly Javanese.
Outer islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya)
20% of the population on 93% of the land.
Most of the minorities.
Sparsely populated but abundant in resources.
Mountains and Volcanoes
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dominate landscape
most peaks below 10,000 feet
create geographical and political barriers
western and northern highlands separate region
from India and China
three ranges run north to south
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ArakanYoma Range in western Myanmar
Bilauktaung Range between Myanmar and Thailand
Annam Cordillera separating Vietnam from Laos and
Cambodia
island mountains form part of Ring of Fire
Indonesian and Philippine islands marked by
craters
mineral-rich volcanic material breaks down and
leaves rich, fertile soil, making Southeast Asia
highly productive agricultural area
Volcanoes of Indonesia and the Philippines
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327 volcanoes stretch across Indonesia
Java, home to 17 of Indonesia's 100 active
volcanoes, is one of Ring of Fire's most active
areas
1883 eruption of Krakatau destroyed
everything
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now monitor volcanic activity to be prepared
1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 20th
century's most powerful
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55 miles north of Philippine capital Manila
damaged town of Angeles
foot deep layer of ash over U.S. Clark Air Force
Base
Tectonic Activity in Indonesia
Eurasian Plate
Philippines Plate
Australian Plate
Australian Plate
Mainland Southeast Asia
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External influences
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Have been stronger than internal influences.
China brought civilization and technology (early history).
India brought religion (Hinduism and Buddhism).
Middle Eastern countries brought Islam and trade.
Europe brought trade and colonialism.
USA and Japan brought imperialism (at different levels):
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Recently brought trade and development.
Indochina
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Often used to define the region.
Hint at the strong historical Chinese and Indian influence.
Notably refers to the former French colonies of Vietnam,
Cambodia and Laos.
Bali, Fiji, and Tahiti
Rivers
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waterways for transportation, communication, and
food
silt and deposits of sediment create fertile agricultural
regions
mainland rivers originate in northern highlands and flow
south to Gulf of Thailand
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Irrawaddy in Myanmar
Chao Phraya in Thailand
Red in Vietnam
Mekong between Thailand and Laos and through Cambodia
and Vietnam before emptying into South China Sea, where it
adds 50 feet/year to shoreline from sediment
island rivers shorter and flow in various directions
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Indonesian rivers flow south to north
Borneo's rivers flow from center outward
Agriculture
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Two main types in SEAsia
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Slash and Burn
Located in upland areas
• Slash forest and burn before rainy season
• Rain washed nutrients into ground
• Grows for 1-2 years then must abandon
plot for 10-15 years
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Wet Rice Agriculture
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Must dramatically change land
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Must build terraces and irrigation canals
Nutrients provided by algae in water
Very labor intensive, but can yield two
crops a year
Mainland Southeast Asia: Thailand
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Profile
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The “Land of the free”:
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Chao Phrya Valley
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Bangkok
Never colonized by European powers.
The core along the Chao Phrya Valley.
Access to the Indian (Gulf of Bengal) and Pacific
(Gulf of Thailand) oceans.
62 million population:
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%.
• Buddhist 94.4%, Islam 4%, Hindu 1.1%, Christian
0.5%.
• Muslims minority in the south (along the
Malaysia border).
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Indian Ocean
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75
150
300 Miles
Mainland Southeast Asia: Vietnam
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Geographical setting
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Hanoi
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Red River Delta
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Ho Chi Min City
(Saigon)
Mekong River Delta
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75
150
300 Miles
Coastal plain along the South China Sea with a
population of 78 million.
Stands for “People of the south”.
Two major deltas: the Red River (Song Koi) and
Mekong.
Natural penetration corridor towards China.
Only 5% of the territory is mountainous.
The south is more fertile.
Most minerals resources in north.
Government still one-party
communist-ish, but opened up to free
markets
Economies
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Variety of political, economic
and cultural landscapes
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Least advanced economies of
the region:
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Emerging nations:
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Laos, Cambodia and Burma.
Malaysia, Indonesia, the
Philippines, Thailand.
The leader: Singapore.
Phnom Phem and
Singapore
Oceania
Australia, New Zealand, and
surrounding islands
Geography of Australia
World’s smallest
continent/largest island; 6th
largest country
• Western half: plateau rising to
mountains
• Eastern half: Great Artesian
Basin, rising to Great Dividing
Range in East
• Outback in the middle; covers
70% of Continent
• Tasmania: large, mountainous
island to southeast
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Size Comparison
The Outback
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Any area outside of urban
zones is known as “the bush”
in Australia; more remote
areas are called “outback”
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REALLY remote areas are
called the “Never Never”
Used for tourism, agriculture,
and mining
Ayers Rock (Uluru)
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Sacred spot to indigenous people
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home to a plethora of springs,
waterholes, rock caves and ancient
paintings
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Known for changing colors during
the day/year
New Zealand
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900 miles East of Australia
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Mostly forests, sharp mountain peaks
(Southern Alps) due to convergence of
plates
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Queen of England is the head of state,
she appoints a Governor-General to
act for her in NZ at the
recommendation of the Prime
Minister
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Wool is major export
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Known for unusual birds
Physical Geography:
Great Barrier Reef
Great Barrier Reef
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World’s largest reef system; over
2900 reefs
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What does it do?
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About $5.4 Billion in tourism for
Australia
coral reef structure buffers shorelines
against waves, storms and floods,
helping to prevent loss of life, property
damage and erosion
Huge biological diversity
Supports people by providing fish
Sacred space for Aboriginal People
Damage to the Reef
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Threats:
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Runoff
Most pollution comes from rivers
running into the Reef
• 30major rivers and hundreds of
streams flow into the reef
• Runoff from farms (fertilizer and
pesticides)
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Climate Change and Coral Bleaching
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climate change accompanied by mass coral
bleaching
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Believed to be biggest threat
corals expel their algae (photosynthesizing
zooxanthellae) which provide up to 90% of
the coral’s energy requirements
turn colorless, revealing their white calcium
carbonate skeletons, under the stress of
waters that remain too warm for too long.
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the coral is still alive, and if the water cools,
the coral can regain algae
If the water does not cool within about a
month, the coral will die of starvation.
Australia experienced its warmest year on
record in 2005. Abnormally high sea
temperatures during the summer of 20052006 have caused massive coral bleaching
Coral Bleaching
More Threats to the GBR
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The Crown-of-Thorns Starfish
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a coral reef predator
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preys on coral polyps by climbing onto them,
extruding its stomach over them (eww…), and
releasing digestive enzymes to absorb the
liquefied tissue.
An individual Starfish can eat up to six square
meters of living reef in a year
They have been in the GBR for thousands of
years, but outbreaks are much more recent
Increases due to:
Reduction of water quality associated with
agriculture can cause the crown-of-thorns
starfish larvae to thrive.
• Overfishing of its natural predators, such as
the Giant Triton, is also considered to
contribute to an increase in the number of
crown-of-thorns starfish.
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Humans in the GBR
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Overfishing of key species, such as the
Giant Triton and sharks, can cause
disruption to food chains
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Impact of Fishing
increased pollution from boats,
by-catch of unwanted species (such as
dolphins and turtles)
• habitat destruction from trawling,
anchors and nets
• Overfishing of herbivore populations can
cause algal growths on reefs
According to a study published in 2012 by the
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its
coral cover since 1985
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Dailies: Day 8
1.
What are the two regions that
Southeast Asia is divided into?
2.
Describe the eruption of Krakatoa in
1883.
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How many islands make up SE Asia?
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What two types of agriculture is SE
Asia known for?
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What is the “Bush”? The “Outback?”
Dailies: Day 8
1.
Besides New Zealand, give three
examples of Continental Islands.
2.
What causes the water to rise over an
atoll and create a lagoon?
3.
Describe the cities in Tahiti.
4.
What is the major problem with
resources in Kwajalein?
5.
Who is allowed to live on Kwajalein?