Transcript First Nations Peoples - Vancouver School Board

The First Nations Peoples
Chapter 7- The Native Peoples of Canada
Social Studies 9- Class Notes
Table of Contents
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The First Nations Peoples
What is A Nation
Cultural Regions
Map of Cultural Regions
Activity Pages
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I. Northwest Coast
Haida
Northwest Coast Internet Sites
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II. Arctic
Inuit
Inuit Internet Sites
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III. Plateau
Shuswap
Plateau Internet Sites
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IV. Great Plains
Cree
Great Plains Web Sites
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V. Eastern Woodlands
Iroquois
Eastern Woodland Internet Sites
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Terms
The First Nations Peoples
• A long time ago, North America was very different from the way it is
today- there were no highways, cars, or cities; there were no schools,
malls, or restaurants.
• But even long, long ago, there were still communities.
• A community is where a group of people live and have fun together.
• People made their own homes, food, and clothing from the plants and
animals they found around them, or natural resources.
• These First Peoples descended, or came from cave men of Asia.
• These were the first people to live in North America & South
America.
• That is why we call them First Nations Peoples.
• These people have lived in North America for thousands of years, and
there are still Indian communities today.
What is a Nation?
A Nation is…..
• People living in a specific geographic region- ie. The
Plains
• With a specific language- ie. Cree
• With a specific way of life- ie. Hunting the Buffalo
• With a specific religion- ie. Shamanism
• With a specific kinship- ie. Patrilineal
• With a specific government- ie. Tribal Councils
Cultural Regions
• Often people living in the same area share some
ways of life.
• Such an area is called a cultural region.
• People living in a place with cold weather, for
example, wear heavy clothing.
• Many people living in a place with rich soil farm the
land.
• Yet in North America, there were great differences
even among the people of the same cultural region.
• Think about these differences as you read about each
cultural region.
Cultural Regions
Cultural Regions of North America
Tribes We Will Study:
•Northwest Coast:
Haida
•Plateau:
Shuswap
•Arctic:
Inuit
•Great Plains:
Cree
•Eastern Woodland:
Iroquois
Cultural Regions
Northwest Coast
• The Northwest Coast Indian Culture was in what is today
the British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern
California.
• Many small tribes such as the Haida and the Salish lived in
this cultural area.
• The tribes in this culture were much smaller than the
other cultures.
Northwest Coast
Northwest Coast:
Environment, Food, and Shelter
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Indians of the Northwest Coast lived between
the ocean and rugged mountain ranges.
The growing season was short, and the climate
was too wet for much agriculture.
There were plenty of fish, especially salmon.
There were also deer and bears.
There was wood to build houses and to make
tools.
If tribes could not get something by themselves,
they could trade.
People traveled by water.
Northwest Coast Indians traveled in dugouts,
or boats made from large, hollowed out logs.
Outside each house stood a wooden pole called
a totem pole. Each totem pole was beautifully
carved with shapes of people and animals. The
carvings showed each family’s history and
importance.
Northwest Coast
Tribes of the Northwest Coast:
Haida
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Haida
• Best known traders
• Lived near the coast
• Haida villages made of rows of long, wooded houses.
• Houses were built of boards and had no windows.
• The Haida built each house partly over a hole dug in the
earth so that some of the rooms were underground. Such
a house is called a pit house.
• Several families belonging to the same clan lived in each
house. A clan is a group of families related to one another.
• The Haida developed a language for trading. This trading
language made it easier for different peoples to talk to each
other and to barter, or exchange goods.
• To show off the the things they owned, the Haida and
other tribes who lived along the coast held potlatches.
These were special gatherings with feasting, and dancing.
During a potlatch, the hosts gave away valuable gifts as a
sign of their wealth.
Northwest Coast
Tribes of the Northwest Coast:
Haida
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Haida
• Whales were plentiful along the Northwest Coast.
• The Haida built canoes to hunt the whales at sea.
• Haida made wooden harpoons-long spears with sharp shell
points-for whale hunting.
• The Haida hunted whales in a canoe. This was very dangerous
because the whale might turn and cause the canoe to tip over
or break the canoe in half.
• The harpooner stood in the front of the canoe. He always
talked to the whale. He promised the whale that if it let itself be
killed, it would be rewarded in the village with singing and
dancing. After the harpooner had promised the whale these
things, he raised his harpoon and threw it into the side of the
whale. There was a rope tied to the end of the harpoon. All the
men held on tightly. Eventually the whale would tire and stop
fighting. Then it was harpooned until it died.
• Every part of the whale was used. The skin and meat were
eaten, the blubber , or fat, was used for oil, and the tendons
were used to make rope.
• The Haida kept their promise. When the whale was brought to
the village there was much celebrating!
Northwest Coast
Website of Interest:
Northwest Coast
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Glossary of Terms
Profiles of Northwest Coast Indians
Totem Poles of the Northwest
Totem Pole Legend
How to make a totem pole using KidPix.
Potlatches
Northwest Coast
The Arctic
• Inuit living in the arctic region are the direct descendants of a
prehistoric hunting society that spread across Canada from
Alaska and centered on capturing massive bowhead whales.
• This culture, called Thule by archaeologists, quickly adapted
to the harsh conditions found in the arctic. Not only were
whales, seals, fish and caribou abundant, but also large forests
were found in coastal areas.
• Wood was a rare resource in remote arctic areas and needed
for making tools, boat frames and numerous other articles, as
well as used as fuel for cooking.
The Arctic
• People hunted game in all seasons of the year for food and
material to craft articles needed for everyday life.
• They travelled in one person kayaks and larger umiaks
framed with wood and covered by seal skins
• Wore clothing made from the pelts of seals in summer
and caribou in winter.
• Lived in skin tents during mild seasons
• Settled during winter either in earthen huts banked by
sods with a roof supported by whale ribs and shoulder
blades, or in snow houses called igloos, ingeniously shaped
from blocks of hard snow.
The Inuit People
•The Inuit are the aboriginal inhabitants of the North
American Arctic, from Bering Strait to East Greenland,
a distance of over 6000 kilometers
• As well as Arctic Canada, Inuit also live in northern
Alaska and Greenland, and have close relatives in
Russia
•They are united by a common cultural heritage and a
common language. Until recently, outsiders called the
Inuit "Eskimo
•" Now they prefer their own term, "Inuit," meaning
simply "people." There are about 40,000 Inuit in
Canada.
Historical Background
• According to
archaeological research,
the origins of the Inuit lie
in northwestern Alaska.
These first Alaskan Inuit
lived on the seacoast and
tundra, where they
hunted seals, walrus,
whales, and caribou.
They and their ancestors
were the first Arctic
people to become expert
at hunting the larger sea
mammals, such as the
bowhead whale.
Culture
• The Inuit were a nomadic
culture that circulated
almost exclusively north of
the timberline, the de facto
southern border of Inuit
society
• Traditional Inuit games
were individual tests of
strength, skill or agility.
Most were designed to be
used in small spaces , such
as an igloo or tent, and
required little or no
equipment
• Originally, Inuit throat
singing was a form of
entertainment among Inuit
women while the men
were away on hunting trips
Religious Practices
• Christianity, Shamanism
• The Inuit religion was very
complex nature worship.
Everything had a soul
and was spiritually
connected. The universe
was at harmony with its
elements and the powers of
nature possessed a neutral
position towards man
• The Inuit didn’t have sacred
buildings. The nature was
sacred, and the Inuit was a
child of nature; but life was
not a paradise; man’s
capability of doing evil
represented a constant
threat to harmony
Shaman's Coat
Clothing
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Warm clothing was important
to the Inuit tribes. Sealskin was
usually wore in the summer. In
the winter caribou skin was
worn. Caribou skin was light
weight yet very warm
Clothing consisted of coat,
trousers, stockings, shoes or
boots. In very cold weather
two of each garment were
worn. The inner one had the
fur against the skin, the outer
one had the fur outside
Boots are called kamiks. They
are made from sealskin because
it lasts long, is warm, and isn't
hurt when it gets wet
One Inuit garment, the hooded
coat called the parka, has been
adopted by skiers and others
who spend time in the cold. An
atiqik is a Inuit parka made with
goose down
Housing and Travel
• They lived in houses made of
driftwood and sod, and almost
certainly spoke an early
version of the Inuit language,
Inuktitut
• That picture shows how they
moved. They could move with
their house on sled
• An igloo translated
sometimes as snow house, is
a shelter constructed from
blocks of snow, generally in
the form of a dome
• Other Inuit people tended to
use snow to insulate their
houses which consisted of
whalebone and hides
Family Life
• Family ties have always been
of great importance to the
Inuit. Having a large family
was always considered
desirable.
• Traditionally, women have
often assumed a secondary
role in Inuit society. At
mealtime, an Inuit woman
was required to serve her
husband and any visitors
before she herself was
permitted to eat.
Language
• Inuktittut, the language
used by the Inuit in the
eastern Arctic, had no
written form until one
was developed by a
missionary in the
1800's
• The language is
written in syllabic
symbols corresponding
to groups of sounds
Map of geographic area
How they adapted the land in which
they lived
• The Inuit are the
descendants of what
anthropologists call the
Thule culture, a nomadic
people who emerged from
western Alaska around
1000 and spread eastwards
across the Arctic, displacing
the related Dorset culture
(in Inuktitut, the Tuniit).
Inuit legends speak of the
Tuniit as "giants", people
who were taller and
stronger than the Inuit, but
who were easily scared off
and retreated from the
advancing Inuit
3 images
An Inuit man works
on a traditional
house
3 sources in Bibliography
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit
www.mce.k12tn.net/indians/reports3/inuit.htm
www.inuit.org/
http://www.mindfully.org/Air/US-Threatens-Inuit.jpg
http://images.google.com/images?q=inuit&ndsp=18&svnum=10
&hl=ko&lr=&start=90&sa=N
• upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/thumb/9/9d
• www.iti.gov.nt.ca
The People of the Plateau
Plateau
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Peoples of the Plateau included Shuswap and the Okanagon
The climate of the Plateau or Intermountain are is very dry or arid in the
summer and cold and wet or snowy in the winter.
Much of the land in the southern part is desert.
Rich fertile agricultural land surrounded rivers and lakes in the region.
Large trees lined the mountains on the windward side of the mountain
ranges.
Various animals like deer, elk, salmon, and rattlesnakes lived in this region.
Southwest
Habitat
• Even though the plateau region of
Canada was one of the smaller
areas, it was still very diverse in
terms of geography
• The territory of the Plateau people
also included expanses of forests,
and many natural waterways (rivers
and lakes).
• Boreal forests, with mostly
coniferous trees, dominated the
landscape of the Plateau region.
• Some of the largest and most
important lakes in the region
Okanagan Valley were located in
Homes:
• The people of the Plateau region were
semi-nomadic, meaning they moved around
in search of food.
• They lived in one of three shelters,
depending on the season: a pit house, a tipi,
or a tule-mat lodge.
Pit Houses
• A pit house was an ideal structure for cold
winter and a dry climate.
• A hole was left on the roof so a notched
log was placed at the top of the hole, which
was a door.
• Pit houses were between 6 & 8 metres
across.
Subsistence:
• Salmon were caught like spring, sockeye, humpback
salmon
• They hunted small animals for fur and food. They
hunted coyote, fox, raccoon, porcupine, marten,
weasel, beaver, marmot, hare
• They gathered berries, roots and bulbs for medicine.
To preserve them they dried them
Clothing:
Men clothing:
• leggings made from animal hide or grasses
• shirts made from animal skins
• breechcloths and moccasins
Women clothing:
• skirts or dresses
• dresses were decorated with beadwork
Winter clothing:
• clothing that kept them warm
• thicker animal skins and animal furs
• thicker leather pants
Head dresses:
• represent a persons status within the
community
• used for ceremonies
Tools and Weapons
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bows and arrows
root-digging stick
awl
nets
traps
weirs
spears
hooks and lines
• Arrows head are
made from bones
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winter to make a
net
• Later on, in a trade
got guns from the
European
Social Organization and Kinship
• There were rankings and privileges,
chiefs and nobles had the right to
high ranking family names.
• The chiefs and nobles also controlled
access to resource sites like, the
salmon chief was in charge of the
fishing in the village.
• Clans had people who shared a name
of descent from a common ancestor,
a clan had their own territory, ritual
dances, and songs
Leadership and Responsibilities
• Each village had 1 or several
leaders/chiefs
• Each leader had a different
role like hunting, warfare, and
fishing.
• Men had most power in
decision making
• Some areas gave all the power
to elders because they were
consider wiser
Leadership and Responsibilities
Men’s Responsibilities
• decision making
• hunting
• trapping
• fishing
• making tools
• Warfare
Women’s Responsibilities
• preparing food
• harvesting plants (ex. berries)
• caring for children and their
home
• make clothing
Religious:
• The people thought that all things including living and non
living things had spirits, some were bad, some where good.
These spirits were everywhere.
• Strong spiritual connection with nature and animals.
• Shamans were the religious leaders in the Plateau culture,
they were the most important religious leaders.
• They had special powers to heal sick people, control the
hunting, and tell the future, they believed that shamans can
do this by communicating with the spiritual world.
• Myths and stories of the Plateau people:
• the creator (coyote) was supposed to be responsible for
bringing the salmon up the river every spring and autumn.
• They were also supposed to transform people into their
present form.
Cultural Artifacts
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Rock paintings, or pictographs, were
common in the southern part of British
Columbia.
These paintings were usually of human or
animal forms, or spiritual figures
The paint was made out of red ochre
pigments mixed with animal oil or fish
eggs.
Women in the Plateau region were skilled
weavers.
They wove baskets, blankets, mats, and
clothing using goat's wool and bark.
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Baskets were used for carrying goods,
storage, and cooking. They were made
out of birch bark, split roots
Bibliography:
1)http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_plat
eau2.html
Copy right :Goldi Productions Ltd. 2007
2) Crossroads
Author : Michael Cranny
Copy right :1998 by Pearson Education Canada Inc.,
Toronto, Canada
Website of Interest:
Plateau
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Plateau Information
Plateau
Okanagon
Lillooet
Shuswap
Southwest
Great Plains
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Indians known as The Plains lived in the Great Plains.
Buffalo was the most important natural resource of the Plains Indians.
Indians of the Great Plains lived in tepees.
The Plains Indians were hunters.
Buffalo provided these Indians with their basic needs, food, clothing,
and shelter.
Great Plains
The Cree
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The Cree lived in forests along the Red
River, Missouri River, Lake of the
Woods areas of Southern Manitoba
and Ontario, and North Dakota.
The Cree were hunters of the buffalo
and farmers.
The Cree did not live in the Great
Plains but visited the Great Plains to
hunt the buffalo.
The Cree lived in circular houses called
a lodge.
While hunting in the summer, they
lived in tents made of buffalo hide
called a teepee or tipi
Each lodge was built over a shallow pit
and covered with sod.
Several families lived in one lodge.
Sometimes as many as 60 people with
their dog lived in one lodge.
In the center of the lodge was a
fireplace under a hole in the roof.
The hole let smoke out from the fire.
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Twice a year, the Cree left their
villages and took part in the buffalo
hunt.
They had to walk several days to reach
the Great Plains.
The Cree hunted in a group and wore
animal skin disguises.
Built a carrier called a travois. A
travois was made from two tepee poles
that were fastened to a harness on a
dog or horse.
The Cree dried most of the buffalo
meat into jerky called pemmican.
The Cree used every part of the
buffalo.
• Clothing, blankets, and
moccasins were made from the
buffalo skin.
• The buffalo hair was twisted into
cord.
• The bones were used to make
arrowheads, tools, and needles.
Great Plains
• Buffalo horns were used to make
Website of Interest:
Great Plains
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Tepees
More on Tepees
The Mandans
Pictures of Mandan Lodges
More Lodges
Plains Indians
More on Plains Indians
Travois
Great Plains
Eastern Woodlands
• The Eastern Woodlands region covered the east coast of what is
today known as the United States, west to the Mississippi River. It
also included parts of southern California.
• The Indians in the Eastern Woodlands lived east of the Plains.
• These Indians, like the others depended on the natural resources
around them for all of their basic needs.
• Because these Indians lived in the forests, they were called the
Eastern Woodland Indians.
Eastern Woodlands
The Iroquois
• The Iroquois were not one
tribe, but a group of five tribes
that lived near each other and
spoke similar languages.
• The five Iroquois were the
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga,
Oneida, and Mohawk.
• The Iroquois tribes fought with
each other and their neighbors,
the Algonquin. In the beginning
they fought over land. Then
later, the Iroquois fought for
revenge.
• Iroquois were a matrilineal
people- lived with
wife’s/mother’s family
• Women farmed; men hunted,
fished, and played gamesLacrosse
• In 1570, the five tribes formed
the Iroquois league or
Iroquois Confederacy. This
league was formed because the
Indians were tired of fighting
and wanted to work together.
• Each tribe made their own laws,
except for matters that were
important to all the tribes, like
trading.
• The Iroquois lived in
longhouses. Longhouses were
wooden framed houses with
many families living together.
• The Iroquois often used
legends, or stories handed
down over time, to explain the
past.
Eastern Woodlands
The Iroquois
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The Iroquois lived in the river
valleys of the Southern Appalachian
Mountains and around the Great
Lakes.
Iroquois were farmers and
hunters.
• They grew corn, beans,
squash, pumpkins, sunflowers,
and tobacco.
• They hunted squirrel, rabbit,
turkey, bear, and deer.
Iroquois families had two houses
covered with earth.
• Their summer house was a
larger, box shaped house
covered with grass or clay
walls, and bark roofs.
Several families of the same clans
shared the same house.
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The Iroquois built villages of 300
or 400 houses clustered together.
At the center of each village was
an open square with a temple built
on a flat topped mound.
Each Iroquois Village had its own
Chief. But the villages belonged to
larger Iroquois Confederation.
Eastern Woodlands
Website of Interest:
Eastern Woodlands
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Eastern Woodland Indians
Longhouses and Wigwams
Cherokees
Legends
Eastern Woodlands
Some Vocabulary
• Travois – a simple vehicle used by Plains Indians consisting of two
trailing poles serving as shafts and bearing a platform or net for the
load
• Potlatch – a ceremonial feast of the American Indians of the
northwest coast marked by the host's lavish distribution of gifts
• Kiva – a Pueblo Indian ceremonial structure that is usually round and
partly underground
• Culture area – a region where people share a similar way of life.
• Kayak – an Eskimo canoe made of a frame covered with skins
except for a small opening in the center and propelled by a doublebladed paddle
• Hogan – a Navajo Indian dwelling usually made of logs and mud with
a door traditionally facing east
• 3 sisters - corn and beans and squash
• Longhouse - a long communal dwelling of some No. American
Indians (as the Iroquois)
• Tepee - a conical tent usually consisting of skins and used especially
by American Indians of the Plains
The End
Activity Page #1
• With provided Outline Map of Canada, label
the major cultural regions of First Nations
Peoples of Canada.
• Include 2 examples of specific tribe for
cultural region.
• Due next class.
Cultural Regions
Activity Page #2
• Define the Important Terms on Review
Master R-16.
• Define all 30 terms.
• Define each term in your own words.
• 2 sentences for each term.
• Due next class.
Cultural Regions
Activity Page #3
• Create a 5x4 row/column chart
• Create a row for each of the following groups:
The Inuit of the Arctic
The Iroquois of the Eastern Woodlands
The Peoples of the Plains
The Peoples of the Plateau
The Peoples of the Northwest Coast
• Create of column for each of the following categories:
Natural Resources
Subsistence
Shelter
Transportation
• Collect notes for each of the boxes
• Due next class.
Cultural Regions
Activity Page #4
• Create a 5x4 row/column chart
• Create a row for each of the following groups:
The Inuit of the Arctic
The Iroquois of the Eastern Woodlands
The Peoples of the Plains
The Peoples of the Plateau
The Peoples of the Northwest Coast
• Create of column for each of the following categories:
History
Lifestyle
Social Organization
Political Organization
• Collect notes for each of the boxes
• Due next class.
Cultural Regions
Activity Page #5
• Do the following Comprehension Questions
from Review Master R-16:
1, 3, 5, 8
• Complete both Crossword Puzzles- R17 &
R18
• Quiz will follow!
Cultural Regions