Transcript Mapping tire Piles

Mapping Tire Piles With Imagery
Catherine Huybrechts
Endpoint Environmental
Indiana GIS Conference
Indianapolis, Indiana
March 14, 2007
Presentation outline
1. Waste tires in America
2. Market development for used tires
3. Tire stockpiles
4. Government action
5. Origins of mapping tire piles with
satellite imagery
6. TIRe Model
7. Example map
8. Summary
Waste tire piles in America
• Every year Americans dispose of an estimated 280 - 300 million
vehicle tires
• Approximately 80% of those tires are diverted to various
profitable markets
• Remaining 20% - tires are disposed of or stockpiled illegally
every year
• Today, across the United States, there are approximately
200 million tires in stockpiles
Market development
tire derived fuel
running tracks
roads
landfill drainage layer material
playgrounds
Market development diverts waste tires from being stockpiled.
Hazardous stockpiles
Mosquito breeding habitat
Toxic fires
History of tire piles in America
• Prior to 1985 there were no laws against stockpiling
• Entrepreneurs stockpiled and made money off tires
• There was a notion among entrepreneurs that the more tires
they collected the more money they would eventually be
worth something someday
• Between 1985 – 1992 not all states had laws prohibiting
stockpiles
• Between 1995 – 2005 states focused on assessment and
abatement of stockpiles
Number of Scrap Tires in U.S. Stockpiles - 2003
Millions of tires
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1992
1994
Source: Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2004.
1996
1998
Year
2000
2001
2003
Each state addresses tires differently
Financial
Stockpile
Incentives
Clean-up
Offered
Fee Collected
by
Tire
Dealerto
Encourage
Program
Market
Exists
Development
for
Tire
Disposal
United
UnitedStates
StatesofofAmerica
America
YES
NO
Data collected from Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2006
- 2003
Source: Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2004.
State agencies take action
Techniques used to locate tire piles:
•
•
•
•
Highway patrol helicopter surveillance
Communication with locals
File and records checks
Follow-up on location tips
Origins of mapping tire piles with
satellite imagery
• In 2004, California Integrated
Waste Management Board
(CIWMB) approaches NASA
Ames Research Center Develop
Program and San Jose State
University Foundation
• Create a method for mapping
waste tire piles with satellite
imagery
Pilot-project objectives
• GOAL:
Use commercially available high-resolution satellite
imagery to locate and map illegal waste tire piles in two
climate regions of California.
• TECHNIQUES / TOOLS:
standard image analysis methods
pertinent geospatial technology
computer automation
• DESIGN OBJECTIVE:
Create a methodology with end-user functionality that
rapidly and consistently analyzes satellite imagery.
Pilot-project research
Survey of Government
Agencies Responsible for
Managing Waste Tires
United States of America & Mexico
Results:
no computer models
no satellite imagery
interpretation techniques
for tire pile mapping
State expressed interest in technology
Pilot-project study areas
Northern California
Coastal Climate
Southern California
Desert Climate
Pilot-project results
Study Area
Northern
California
Southern
California
Target sites for pilot-project
(unknown to NASA)
Target sites identified by
NASA in pilot-project
Number of new sites
located by NASA
6
7
6
7
1
1
False-positives were commonly attributed to shadows, water,
debris piles and features with tire material content such as black
tarps, polyethylene tubing, and parking lots.
How to find tires in imagery
• TIRe Model = Tire Identification from Reflectance Model
• Image-processing algorithm with 29 different math equations
• TIRe Model eliminates everything but the darkest pixels in an
image to identify tire piles, which absorb light
• Capable of locating tire piles of 100 tires or more
• Does not work with winter-season imagery
• Not fully automated, requires human visual-interpretation
Workflow for creating a map of tire piles
Obtain Imagery
Customize
TIRe Model
Create
Preliminary Map
Process Imagery
Verify Tire Piles
in the Field
Visual
Interpretation
Create Final Map
Satellite versus aerial imagery
Satellite
4-band
Aerial
Blue, Green, Red, Near-infrared
(wavelengths of data)
Data
16-bit
(281 trillion color combinations)
(Bits/Pixel)
Pixel size
(Resolution)
Coverage area
7.3 feet / pixel
1 foot / pixel
(or more)
(or less)
Large
Small
(~ 40 sq-miles
per image)
(~ 4 sq-miles
per image)
TIRe Model customization
Land Cover Regions
USA
Map Credit: An Ecological Assessment of the United States Mid-Atlantic Region (EPA Report 600/R-97/130) November 1997
TIRe Model process
#1
#2
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Image Originator/Publisher: PAMAP Program, PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, 2005
Visual interpretation
Suspect Pile # 1
Suspect Pile # 2
False positives
Shadow
Water Body
Example 1
Example 2
Example map
Information on map
Known tire piles
Suspect tire piles
Infrastructure data
Natural landmarks
Standard map elements
Summary
• In testing, TIRe Model locates tire piles of 100 tires or more
• Satellite or aerial imagery can be used with the TIRe Model
• Customization of the TIRe Model is necessary to successfully
locate tire piles
• Maps reduce staff time in the field, conserving resources
• Imagery provides a visual reference of tire pile sites and can be
used in court
• TIRe Model is a new technology that is continually improving
Contact Information
Catherine Huybrechts
email: [email protected]
phone: (415) 668-4222
Endpoint Environmental
678 – 3RD Avenue
San Francisco, California
94118-3907
www.endpointenvironmental.com